Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 25 33 Afsaneh AFZALI Mohd RASHID Kusnin NOORHAFIZAH Mohd Rashid AMMAR 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Background: The Air dispersion models are widely used to evaluate and predict the pollutants emissions from air pollution sources such as incinerators. This study attempts to predict the heavy metal pollutants dispersion emitted by an incineration plant impacting its surrounding area. Methods: Several scenarios of emission rates coupled with the meteorological conditions were investigated using the AERMOD dispersion model. Results: The maximum ground level concentration (GLC) of pollutants was within their respective air quality guidelines concentration and fall within the distance of 0.5 km from the stack. Conclusion: The pollutant concentration decreases with distances from the incineration plant, which does not seem to contribute a significant human exposure problem to the residence living more than 1.5 km away.   Keywords: Pollution dispersion, AERMOD, Incinerator, Heavy metals   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4860 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4860/4452

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 1 6 Sivasankar SAMBASIVAM Karmegam KARUPPIAH Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin Kulanthayan Subramaniam Hassan Sadeghi Naeini 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Background: Seat belts have been proven as one of the most successful means of preventing or reducing injuries to occupants of cars during an accident. This paper examines the reasons behind the non-compliance of the seat belt law in Malaysia and suggests possible measures to get the percentage of seat belt usage up higher. Methods: Various databases of articles were searched for seat belt usage in Malaysia, related legislation, related accident data, type of injuries and reviewed to put forth the need for a new measure to increase the usage of seat belts in Malaysia. Results: In various studies carried out previously, car occupants (driver and front passenger) used the seat belts mainly with the knowledge that seat belts prevents injuries, the fear of being fined by the authorities, comfortability of the seat belt, speed of travel, trip purpose and driving location. However, when these factors are removed, seat belts usage starts becoming lax. Other reasons were driving short distance (known location), forgetfulness and were in a hurry. Conclusion: Enforcement of seat belt usage by either the Police or Road Transport Department is only a short term solution. The relevant agencies are urged to consider making compulsory for all car makers in Malaysia to enable a system where the car would not be able to start without the seat belt being fixed first for the driver and passenger and to make auto seat belt fixing enabled in the car when the driver and or passenger enters the car.   Keywords: Seat belt, Safety, Compliance, Car, Malaysia https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4857 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4857/4449

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 34 41 Ahmad Faisal AHMAD NASARUDDIN Shamsul Bahri MOHD TAMRIN Karmegam KARUPPIAH 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Background: The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between risk factors and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) among auto repair mechanics in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods: Overall, 191 mechanics from eight auto repair centers in Klang Valley, Malaysia were stratified sampling as participants of this study. A modified version of the general Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was used for analyses of perceived MSD in nine different parts of the body. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), vibration measurement on hand power tool, questionnaire on job content, force exertion was used in this study. Direct logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of risk factors on the MSD prevalence. The probability limits for evaluating statistical significance was P < 0.05. Results: 87.4% of auto repair mechanics suffered from MSD. Logistic regression analysis revealed that factors were associated with symptoms on MSD: RULA (7.933, 95% CI 4.637-13.573) and orceful exertion (3.173, 95% CI 1.194 – 8.432). The magnitude of vibration of power tool exceeds action level 2.5m/s2 with (Mean=3.99+S.E. 0.071) and showed significant association with MSD in this study (P<0.05). Conclusion: Auto repair mechanics at auto repair centers in Klang Valley are likely to be exposed to a variety of ergonomic hazards and risk factors. Therefore, ergonomics awareness between employer and employee with training and information sharing shall be increase to reduce the prevalence of MSDs.   Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), Auto repair mechanics, Hand arm vibration https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4861 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4861/4453

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 7 16 Zorawar SINGH Indrakaran P. KARTHIGESU Pramjit SINGH Rupinder KAUR 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Malondialdehyde (MDA) is widely used as a biomarker for assessing oxidative stress in biomedical fields. Lipid peroxidation is a chain phenomenon resulting in the formation of various active compounds that result in cellular damage. Biomonitoring of MDA has been used in both in-vivo and in-vitro studies as a key biomarker for various disease patterns including hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart failure and cancer. Higher levels of MDA are reported in patients of various categories including lung cancer patients, complex regional pain syndrome patients and glaucoma patients. The findings suggest the validity of the MDA assay as a reliable tool in finding out the oxidative stress in different disease pathologies. The present review emphasizes on the reliability and efficacy of MDA estimation in various health disorders. Keywords: Malondialdehyde, Lipid peroxidation, Free radicals, Oxidative stress https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4858 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4858/4450

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 42 52 Aziemah ZULKIFLI Najihah Zainol ABIDIN Emilia Zainal ABIDIN Zailina HASHIM Irniza RASDI Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed ISMAIL Anita Abd RAHMAN Che Nin MAN 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Background: This study aimed to assess the burden of household smoking habits on the occurrence of respiratory symptoms among young adolescents in Malaysia. Methodology: The impact of Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposures on the occurrence of respiratory symptoms was investigated on 234 adolescents (13-14 years old) residing in two states in Malaysia. Adolescents completed a self-administered questionnaire adapted from Global Youth Tobacco survey that comprised of items on socio-demographic and SHS exposures. Respiratory symptoms were assessed using a standard questionnaire of International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Hair samples were collected from each adolescent and were analyzed for nicotine via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry with nitrogen detection method. Result: The geometric mean of hair nicotine was 0.0184± 2.31 ng/mg. The prevalence of current, ever wheeze, nocturnal cough, exercised-induced wheeze and self-reported asthma were 7.69%, 14.1%, 11.5%, 20.5% and 13.7%, respectively. A significant association was found between household smoking status with exercise-induced wheeze (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR 1.06; 95%Confidence Interval, CI 0.42-2.66) and nocturnal cough (AOR 14.2; 95%CI 1.60-125). Reported ever wheeze was linked to reported SHS exposure in family’s vehicle (AOR 3.27; 95%CI 1.15-9.34). The risk of exercise-induced wheeze was related with postnatal SHS exposure (AOR 2.69; 95%CI 1.13-6.43). Conclusion: Respiratory symptoms were mostly affected by household smoking habits. Thus, in an attempt to reduce the repercussion of SHS exposure among younger adolescents, effort should be emphasized in encouraging parents to move from indoor to outdoor smoking far from the vicinity of children. Keywords: Passive smoking, Household smoking habits, Youth, Respiratory health, Hair nicotine  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4862 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4862/4454

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 17 24 Haliza ABDUL RAHMAN 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Malaysia is affected by moderate environmental disasters but seldom affected by severe disaster. Cameron Highland mud floods 2013, Hulu Langat landslide 2011, tsunami 2004 and Highland Tower 1993 are some of environmental disaster in Malaysia. Some of these disasters carry heavy price tags as property and lives are damaged beyond full compensation and repair and health effects as well. This paper was focused on environmental disaster in Malaysia with reference to flood and landslide. The scope of this paper is to provide input for a clearer understanding of these disasters and how public could be safe from these hazards with preparedness strategies. This paper involved with secondary data collected from journal, proceedings, books, related agencies and internet sources as well. Normally, humankind is capable of saving their self and Earth as well, if they recover the principles of solidarity, complementarity and harmony with nature in contraposition to the reign of competition, profits and rampant consumption of natural resources. They also must strongly support a sustainable development and a sustainable land use concept in order to sustain the environment from degrades. In addition, community-based disaster preparedness is essential in preventing and responding to the full array of environmental disasters in keeping human losses as low as possible. Ways must be found to ensure that a community is strengthened, becoming less fragile and less susceptible to environmental disaster impact. In addition, community needs to be assist in order to survive despite receiving the impact of severe disasters.   Keywords: Environmental disaster, Malaysia, Human activity https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4859 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4859/4451

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 53 57 Baba Md DEROS Dian D.I. DARUIS Nor Kamaliana KHAMIS Darliana MO­HAMAD Siti Fairus Mat DAUD Siti Maisarah AMDAN Ridzuan Abd AZIZ Nooraini JAMAL 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Background: The nature of work in the construction industry is closely associated with many human factor hazards. Manual construction workers are exposed to hand-arm vibration, repetitive movements, holding of heavy loads and tools, and frequent manual materials handling hazards in their daily tasks. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are major problems faced by construction workers, which involve the nerves, tendons, muscles and other supporting structures of the body. Two main objectives of this study were firstly, to determine the risk factors and the prevalence and secondly, to identify the association of the risks with muscular musculoskeletal disorders symptoms among construction workers. Methods: Evaluation was done through survey questionnaire which also involved the standardized Nordic questionnaire. Sixty male construction workers aged between 17 to 50 years old took part in the study. Their main daily tasks are bricklaying, skim coating, housekeeping and plastering. Results: 66.7% of the workers who took part in the study had high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders symptoms at their elbows, wrists or hands and ankles or feet. Conclusion: Manual construction workers are highly exposed to the risks of getting work related musculoskeletal disorders and there are significant associations (P = 0.023) between working duration with MSDs symptom among construction workers with respect to the workers lower limb.   Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, Manual construction workers, Risk factors https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4863 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4863/4455

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 58 66 Dian Darina Indah DARUIS Norazmira Wati AWANG Baba Md. DEROS Ahmad Rashdan ISMAIL 2015 10 20 2015 10 20 Background: Sound produced by the passing traffic contributes to noise pollution. Noise pollution affects the residents of both city and suburban areas. The noise produced does not only disturb the community living nearby the main road during the day but becomes worse during the night. The purpose of the study is to perform noise level measurement and subjective evaluation on the noise produced at night in a residential area along Paka Road, Dungun, Terengganu. Methods: Data of the noise level produced at night in the residential area were taken at three different locations using SoundTrack LxT sound level meter. These locations determined the effect of distances to the noise being heard. Data were recorded to produce LAeq, Lmax, L10 and L90. Noise pollution levels (LNP) and traffic noise index (TNI) were also reported. A subjective evaluation was conducted to investigate residents' perception of the effects of traffic noise at night in their daily life routine. This study employed a questionnaire specially constructed for the study based on related literature review. Results: The noise levels inside and outside of the residences exceeded the noise level permitted by Department of Environment (DOE) and World Health Organization (WHO). The noise level in the residence was 66.4 dBA which is much higher than the level proposed by DOE. While the highest LAeq of the traffic c.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15821/7346

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1805 1815 Hui Lü 1. Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China 2. Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China Huaning Zhang 1. Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China 2. Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China Ting Liu Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China Wei Hao Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China Qun Yuan 1. Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China 2. Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China 2019 06 05 2019 11 03 Background: Vibrio cholerae is an important bacterium causing profuse watery diarrhea. Cholera had swept the whole Shandong province from 1975 to 2013. Methods: From epidemiological data and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis data, we selected 86 V. cholerae isolates appearing in Shandong Province in China from 1975 to 2013 and characterized them by multilocus sequence typing (MLST)/multi-virulence locus sequence typing (MVLST), antibiogram and analysis of genes related to antibiotic resistance. Results: Combined MLST/MVLST data revealed 33 sequence types and a major group. Within the group, 3 subgroups (ST1, ST24 and ST29) were revealed, prevalent in the strains isolated during the 1980s, 1990s and 21st century, respectively. All the O1 isolates after 1990 were found to be El Tor variants harboring the classical ctxB gene. The tcpA gene of O139 strains had a mutation at amino acid position 62 (N→D). Antibiotic resistance of V. cholerae increased over time. Most El Tor variants between 1998 and 1999 were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The O139 strain, since its appearance in 1997, had significantly broader spectrum of antibiotic resistance than O1 variants. The presence of the SXT element corresponds to the trend of growing drug resistance. Conclusion: The analysis of genotypic polymorphism and enhanced resistance of V. cholerae indicated continuous variation and evolution of this pathogenic agent in Shandong Province. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17386 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17386/7347

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1816 1824 Dwi Rejeki Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia Solikhah Solikhah Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Siwi Wijayanti Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia 2019 10 08 2020 05 05 Abstract Background: Risk factors of Malaria transmission at cross-boundaries area is important to be identified. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of Malaria transmission at cross-boundaries area in Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia. Methods: The design of the study was an observational study with a case-control design. Data on malaria cases and controls were obtained from the Primary Health Care in Menoreh. All malaria positive patients with clinical and laboratory examinations recorded in health services during 1 Jan 2015-31 Dec 2015. Overall, 138 cases and 138 controls were included. Several variables were collected such as altitude, night out behavior, the use of mosquito nets, nighttime bed, travel history, mosquito bite prevention activities, cattle ownership, distance to mosquito breeding site, etc. Data were obtained by structured questionnaires and observation. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate Results: The altitude of house >500 m above sea level proved to be influential as a risk factor for Malaria (OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.61-8.16, P=0.002). Several variables were identified as a risk factor of Malaria such as the wall of the house from bamboo/wood, no insecticide and distance of house <100 m from mosquito breeding site. Conclusion: An awareness for the local health sector particularly to provide a recommendation for house construction to protect a community from Malaria transmission. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18583 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18583/7348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1825 1831 Hui Li Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Xiaolan Li Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Tingjia Cao Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Qiang Zhu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Fuyuan Liu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Heng Zhou Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China 2021 02 02 2021 03 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of copper stainless steel on apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in coronary artery. Methods: The study was carried out in 2019 at Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China. The rat coronary artery smooth muscle cell was used for cell resuscitation and culture. MTT method was used to visualize cell growth curve and to detect the cell survival and growth. The incubated cells were randomly divided into copper-containing stainless-steel group, ordinary stainless-steel group, and control group. The cells were made into single cell suspension, which were intervened by experimental group and incubated in incubator with CO2 for 48 hours. TUNEL method was used to detect the apoptosis. The number of apoptotic cells in five high power fields (×200) was counted. The expression of Fas protein in three groups of cells was detected by Western blot. Results: The growth curves of rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells showed that the OD value of the cells reached the plateau 7 days after inoculation, indicating that the cells grew well. TUNEL staining showed the apoptosis in all three groups. The apoptotic index in copper-containing group was significantly higher than that in common stainless-steel group (P <0.01). The results of the Fas protein expression level through Western blot showed that the level in the copper-containing group was significantly higher than that in the common stainless-steel group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Copper-containing stainless steel can promote apoptosis of coronary artery smooth muscle cells. The material could prevent stent restenosis. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23725 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23725/7349

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1832 1841 Olivera Djurovic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Olgica Mihaljevic Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Snezana Radovanovic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Smiljana Kostic Military Medical Academy, Neurology Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia Marjana Vukicevic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Biljana Georgievski Brkic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Snezana Stankovic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Danijela Radulovic Primary Health Care and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University East Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ivana Simic Vukomanovic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Svetlana Radevic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia 2021 07 02 2021 09 02 Background: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with falling in post stroke patients. Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 561 neurology patients hospitalized for a stroke and divided into two groups: falling patients and non-falling patients. They referred to the Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava" in Belgrade, Serbia, from 2018- 2019. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine socio-economic factors associated with predictors of unmet healthcare needs. Results: A significant difference was seen in the length of hospitalization of falling patients compared to the non-falling (P<0.001). We established statistically significant differences in mental status (P<0.001), sensibility (P=0.016), depressed mood (P<0.001), early (P=0.001) and medium insomnia (P=0.042), psychomotor slowness (P=0.030), somatic anxiety (P=0.044) and memory (P<0.001). Conclusion: Cerebrovascular disease distribution and the degree of neurological deficit primarily altered mental status, which could be recognized as one of the more important predictors for falling after stroke. The identification of risk factors may be a first step toward the design of intervention programs for preventing a future fall among hospitalized stroke patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25454 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25454/7350

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1842 1853 Hui Li Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Bo Zeng Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Jianzhou Wang Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Hua’an Wu Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China 2020 02 27 2020 03 29 Background: Recently, a new coronavirus has been rapidly spreading from Wuhan, China. Forecasting the number of infections scientifically and effectively is of great significance to the allocation of medical resources and the improvement of rescue efficiency. Results: Through MATLAB simulation, the comprehensive percentage error of GM(1,1|r,c,u), NHGM(1,1,k), UGM(1,1), DGM(1,1) are 2.4440%, 11.7372%, 11.6882% and 59.9265% respectively, so the new model has the best prediction performance. The new coronavirus infections was predicted by the new model. Conclusion: The number of new coronavirus infections in China increased continuously in the next two weeks, and the final infections was nearly 100 thousand. Based on the prediction results, this paper puts forward specific suggestions. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19830 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19830/7351

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1854 1862 Negar Rezaei Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahtab Maghsodlu Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Ali Sheidaei Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh Amini Kafiabad Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Kimiya Gohari Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Maryam Zadsar Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Farnaz Delavari Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zohreh Sharifi Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Moein Yoosefi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farshad Farzadfar Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Asadi-Lari Oncopathology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 04 29 2020 05 29 Background: High risk blood transfusions can cause a lot of financial and psychological burden to the community. The prevalence of Hepatitis B is useful for evaluating the blood products' safety and donor selection methods. We aimed to predict the prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors from 2000-2016. Methods: Positive cases of hepatitis B from 2006 to 2014 were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. This database was classified according to the age, provinces, and type of donation. Data was not existed in all subnational levels and all years, therefore, for predicting the hepatitis B prevalence, two separate, Spatio-temporal and mixed model (GLMM) were developed. Results: At the national level, the hepatitis B prevalence declined from 0.69 (0.51 to 0.90) in 2000 to 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) in 2016. In first-time, regular, and repeated donors, this prevalence declined from 2.31 (1.74 to 2.31), 0.26 (0.19 to 0.34), and 0.51 (0.38 to 0.68) in 2000 to 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09), 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12), and 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) in 2016. At the provincial level, the highest and lowest prevalence in 2016 was observed in North Khorasan and Gilan. With increasing age, the average prevalence of hepatitis B, increased. Conclusion: Prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors has been reduced significantly over 17 years, but still new cases of hepatitis B are reported. By precise monitoring the donor selection process and implementing more sensitive laboratory screening, we can reduce the risk of new infectious agents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20587 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20587/7352

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1863 1871 Hossein-Ali Nikbakht Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Abbas Rezaianzadeh Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mozhgan Seif Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Haleh Ghaem Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sci-ences, Shiraz, Iran 2020 03 01 2020 06 24 Background: We aimed to estimate the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of metabolic syndrome components based on variables including gender, BMI, and age groups in a population-based study with large sample size. Methods: This study was conducted on 10663 individuals 40-70 yr old in Phase 1 of the Persian Kharameh cohort study conducted in 2014-2017. EFA of the metabolic syndrome components, including waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and fasting blood sugar (FBS), was performed on all participants by gender, BMI (Body Mass Index), and age groups. Results: EFA results in the whole population based on eigenvalues ​​greater than one showed two factors explaining 56.06% of the total variance. Considering factor loadings higher than 0.3, the first factor included: DBP, SBP, and WC, named as hypertension factor. The second factor also included TG, negative-loaded HDL, FBS, and WC, named as lipid factor. Almost similar patterns were extracted based on subgroups.  Conclusion: MetS is a multi-factorial syndrome. Both blood pressure and lipid had a central role in this study and obesity was an important factor in both ones. Hypertension, having the highest factor loading, can generally be a valuable screening parameter for cardiovascular and metabolic risk assessment. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19864 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19864/7353

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1872 1881 Niloofar Rashidi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sassan Rezaie Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Jamal Hashemi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aziziollah Habibi Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hadi Baghersad Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roshanak Daie Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Khodavaisy Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Heidar Bakhshi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Salimi Nanobiotechnology Reserch Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Muhammad Ibraim Getso Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Rafat Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 02 18 2020 05 08 Background: Candida albicans remains the main cause of candidiasis in most clinical settings. Available drugs for candidiasis treatment have many side effects. In this work, novel nitroglycerin derivatives were synthesized and their cytotoxic and antifungal effects evaluated against fluconazole susceptible and resistant clinical C. albicans isolates. Methods: This experimental study was performed in Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Baqiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran between Feb to Dec 2019. The in vitro activities of two novel nitroglycerin derivatives (1b and 2b) against 25 clinical fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. albicans isolates and four standard C. albicans strains were determined according to CLSI reference M27-A3 documents. The cytotoxicity of chemical compounds was investigated near the SNL76/7 cells by colorimetric assay. Real-time PCRs were performed to evaluate the alterations in the regulation of ERG11 and CDR1 genes under nitroglycerin derivatives-treated and untreated conditions. Results: The derivatives 1b and 2b exhibited potent antifungal activity against C. albicans isolates; MICs and MFCs varied from 18 μg/ml to 72 μg/ml and 36 μg/ml to 144 μg/ml, respectively. The cell viability evaluation demonstrated that both chemical compounds are safe within 24h. The nitroglycerin derivatives were able to reduce the transcription level of CDR1 and ERG11 genes in all susceptible and resistant C. albicans isolates. Conclusion: Considering the potential and efficacy of these compounds against clinical C. albicans isolates, the complementary in vivo and clinical trials should be investigated. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19775 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19775/7354

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1882 1886 Ramin Hamidi Farahani Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Emran Esmaeilzadeh 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Fetal Health Research Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran Amir Nezami Asl Department of Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Foad Heidari Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim Hazrati Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 02 13 2021 03 06 Background: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system composed of a group of related proteins with important functions in the immune system. Several studies have reported that there is a significant association between specific HLA alleles and the susceptibility to different infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect the specific HLA alleles that cause higher susceptibility to COVID-19, we analyzed the HLA allele frequency distribution in Iranian patients with a severe form of COVID-19. Methods: Overall, 48 severe cases of COVID-19 that were hospitalized and required intensive care unit (ICU) admission between Oct and Dec 2020 were included in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples and HLA typing (Locus A, B, and DR) was performed for the patients. Results: After analyzing and comparing the results with a reference group of 500 Iranian individuals, a significant association was found for HLA-B*38, HLA-A*68, HLA-A*24, and HLA-DRB1*01. Conclusion: These results may be valuable for studying the potential association of specific HLA alleles with susceptibility to COVID-19 and mortality due to the disease. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23866 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23866/7355

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1887 1896 Mina Nejati The Cancer Institute at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Moaven Razavi The Schneider Institutes for Health Policy at the Heller School of Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA Iraj Harirchi The Cancer Institute at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marzieh Zanganeh Deputy of Medical Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Salari Iran Small Businesses and Industrial Parks Organization, Qazvin, Iran Seyed Mosa Tabatabaee Deputy of Medical Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran 2019 09 19 2020 02 05 Background: To estimate the resource use and costs associated to the initial phase of treatment for colorectal cancer in Iran. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using routinely collected data within Electronic Health Records System (SEPAS), a national database representing public hospitals in Iran between March 20, 2016 and March 19, 2017. Primary end points included healthcare resource use, direct medical and non-medical costs of care in the 12-month study period. Results: The study population included 657 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery and the follow-up chemotherapy. We estimated a total direct cost of $21,407 per patient. The results indicated that direct medical costs were primarily driven by inpatient hospital care, followed by surgery, chemotherapy, and diagnostic services. Conclusion: The initial 12-month of treatment for colorectal cancer, including surgery and the follow-up chemotherapy, is resource intensive. The total direct costs associated to the disease are remarkable, with Inpatient hospital services being the main contributor followed by surgery and chemotherapy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18401 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18401/7356

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1897 1901 Ali Mardi Department of Medical Genetics, Ali Asghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamed Heidary Department of Medical Genetics, Ali Asghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi Department of Medical Genetics, Ali Asghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghasem Khazaei Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eskandar Taghizadeh Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2020 07 05 2020 10 14 Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the renal reabsorption of cystine, arginine, lysine and ornithine are disturbed. The two genes, the pathogenic forms of which are responsible for the disorder, are SLC7A9 and SLC3A1. In this study, we describe a disease that has a new c.916A> T variant (p. K306 *) in exon 5 of the SLC3A1 gene. This variant results in the NMD phenomenon in which the protein product is not produced because of mRNA destruction. In 2020, blood sample of a 41-yr-old man from east Azerbaijan, Iran together with his parents were collected to be studied. PCR and direct sequencing were performed to detect the possible SLC3A1 variant. Whole-gene sequence analysis done by Mutation surveyor Software revealed a novel nonsense homozygous variant in exon 5 of the gene. Parental Sequence Analysis shows that they are heterozygous. According to ACMG guideline, this variant is considered as pathogen. Finding serious mutations can allow rapid screening for cystinuria by analyzing common mutations. It should also be considered as a pathogenic variant in patients’ cystinuria. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21346 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21346/7357

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1902 1903 Jung Hun Lee National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Tae Yeong Kim National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Sumera Kausar Malik National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Jeong Ho Jeon National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Young Bae Kim Biotechnology Program, North Shore Community College, 1 Ferncroft Road, Danvers, MA 01923, USA Sang Hee Lee National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea 2019 03 17 2019 04 20 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16594 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16594/7358

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1904 1906 Liying Yao 1. School of Sport, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi Shangrao, 334000, China 2. Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia Yiqiong Zhang Department of Physical Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China Yuqiang Li College of Physical Education & Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China Jinkui Lu School of Sport, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi Shangrao, 334000, China Garry Kuan 1. Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia 2. Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK 2018 12 31 2019 01 13 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15757 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15757/7359

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1907 1909 EN Tae-Young Kim Department of Dance Art, College of Convergence Culture and Art, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea Sang-Ho Lee College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), Seoul, Korea Me-Suk Kim College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), Seoul, Korea 2021 05 31 2021 09 02 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25120 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25120/7360

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1910 1912 Huijun Zhao Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Yiwen Lu Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Xuan Wang Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Hong Chen Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Feng Yao Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Xuepeng Sun Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Xingya Kuang Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China 2019 03 17 2019 04 27 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16595 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16595/7361

es, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2024 05 01 2024 12 23 Background: The use of benzoic acid (BA) and its derivatives as food preservatives raises significant food safety concerns, as they may have potential adverse health effects. Method: In this systematic review, BA content was examined in different types of Iranian food with classification of dairy, acidic, beverage, and bakery products. Furthermore, the levels of this preservative compared with Iranian National Standards Organization (INSO) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) value. Databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to extract published studies until Feb 2024. Results: The limit defined by INSO was stricter than the CAC regarding BA in food. Consequently, the results demonstrated a relatively high level of impermissibility of BA with the INSO limit. However, the food products within the permitted range of