Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 1 7 Z Baradaran-Seyed Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran ; Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. R Majdzadeh 2015 10 15 Along with the global fervor over evidence based medicine (EBM), certain measures have been taken in Iran too. Many educational workshops and national and international seminars have been held. Multiple educational packages have been prepared and even included in the educational curriculum. In recent years, policies have been directed toward encouraging clinical guidelines, health technology assessment reports and policy briefs. Also, recently, the 'National Strategic Program in Evidence-Based Health Care in the Islamic Republic of Iran' has been defined by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In spite of all these efforts, studies that follow the uptake of evidence-based contents at the bedside show that EBM is not used in practice and at the bedside. The overall effect of the efforts mentioned is the knowledge promotion of the participants of the educational programs and or increasing their abilities in articles' critical appraisal; nothing has been added in the practice arena. It seems that, in Iran, EBM's current and future needs are to focus on its implementation, what is in other words called 'knowledge translation' or the application of scientific evidence. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4796 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4796/4431

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 8 18 A Sathiya Susuman Dept. of Statistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa. Hamisi F Hamisi 2015 10 15 The government of the United Republic of Tanzania has initiated the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness program to improve the health and wellbeing of children.Tanzania's under-five mortality rate is still 1.7 times higher than the world average and, in order to achieve its Millennium Development Goal 4 target, its annual reduction rate is quite low at 2.2. The main aim of the study is to examine under-five mortality combined with the Data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2008 data was used. Odds ratios for infant and under-five mortality were estimated using logistic regression; crude and adjusting models were adopted.Mortality cases (18.3%) have been reported to children born with an interval of <24 months. Mothers with no education reported 14.6%, primary education mothers reported 11.1% and higher education reported only 5.3% (P<0.001). Therefore, maternal education plays is a major role on fertility and infant and under-five mortality behavior.Maternal education also influences a mother's behavior in her usage of available health services to improve the health of the children. Further in-depth analysis is immensely needed in this situation. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4795 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4795/4430

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 19 25 Dl Buso Walter Sisulu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, Eastern Cap, South Africa. B Longo-Mbenza P Bovet B van den Borne A Nge Okwe M Mzingelwa 2015 10 15 South Africa (SA) is experiencing a rapid epidemiologic transition as a consequence of political, economic and social changes. In this study we described, based on hospital data, the mortality patterns of Non communicable Diseases (NCD), Communicable Diseases (CD), the NCD/CD ratios, and the trends of deaths.We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all deaths occurring in several public hospitals in the Eastern Cape Province of SA between 2002 and 2006. Causes of deaths were coded according to the ICD 10 Edition.A total of 107380 admissions responded to the inclusion criteria between 2002 and 2006. The crude death rate was 4.3% (n=4566) with a mean age of 46±21 years and a sex ratio of 3.1 men (n=3453): 1 woman (n=1113). Out of all deaths, there were 62.9% NCD (n=2872) vs. 37.1% CD (n=1694) with NCD/CD ratio of 1.7. The ratio NCD/CD deaths in men was 1.3 (n=1951/1502) vs. NCD/CD deaths in women of 1.9 (n=735/378). The peak of deaths was observed in winter season. The majority of NCD deaths were at age of 30-64 years, whereas the highest rate of CD deaths was at age< 30 years. The trend of deaths including the majority of NCD, increased from 2002 to 2006. There was a tendency of increase in tuberculosis deaths, but a tendency of decrease in HIV/AIDS deaths was from 2002 to 2006.Non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of deaths in rural Eastern Cape province of SA facing Post-epidemiologic transition stages. We recommend overarching priority actions for the response to the Non-communicable Diseases: policy change, prevention, treatment, international cooperation, research, monitoring, accountability, and re-orientation of health systems. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4794 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4794/4429

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 26 29 Pw Orellano Argentine Ministry of Health, 9 de julio 1925 10º, 1073, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ji Reynoso A Grassi A Palmieri O Uez O Carlino 2015 10 15 A retrospective cohort study, in the context of household transmission, to estimate the serial interval (SI) of pH1N1 influenza in the island of Tierra del Fuego was carried out.We collected data from the epidemiological surveillance system during disease outbreak in Ushuaia and Rio Grande, the two main cities of the southernmost province of Argentina. Only the records of patients and households with a positive result of RT-PCR assay for pH1N1 virus were used.A total of 283 laboratory confirmed cases were detected, from 550 samples analyzed. Hospitalizations were necessary in 13.8% of patients, yet no deaths were reported. Complete data of household contacts were available in 13 patients. We calculated an SI of 2.0 days (95% CI = 1.5 - 2.6 days), fitting to a log-normal distribution, the one that presented the best adjustment.These results were consistent with estimates of SI calculated from Mexico, but lower than estimations from Canada, Germany and USA. We discuss these differences in relation to limitations of the current study design. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4793 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4793/4428

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 30 39 Nr Ghorbani Dept. of Health Information Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. M Ahmadi F Sadoughi M Ghanei 2015 10 15 This study defines necessary data elements required for the research information system in the domain of health, and its level of accountability to national health research indicators from the experts' perspective is being explored.This qualitative study was conducted based on comparative approach using the focus group method. Data were collected through 6 semi-structured group discussions held at the Undersecretary for Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. For this study, 48 researchers were selected for the group discussions. All interviews and group discussions were recorded and transcribed. The Data analysis was performed simultaneously using Strauss and Corbin method.BASED ON CONTENT ANALYSIS, THE NECESSARY DATA ELEMENTS IDENTIFIED FOR THE NATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGNED FOR ALL DATABASES WERE THE FOLLOWING: organizations, researchers, journals, articles, research projects and dissertations. Also, extracted from the focus group discussion were three main themes regarding data elements of these databases for the National Health Research Information System: 1) essential elements for each database 2) the system's data elements accountability to the national indicators in the domain of health research and 3) recommendations in the direction of optimizing the data.The results obtained from this study can serve as a valuable source in designing research information system in the domain of health within the country and in the region as well. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4792 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4792/4427

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 40 46 A Mohammadpoorasl Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. S Nedjat A Fakhari K Yazdani A Rahimi Foroushani A Fotouhi 2015 10 15 Substance abuse in adolescents and its often tragic consequences, including addiction, is one of the preventable major public health problems. The aims of this paper were to estimate the prevalence of substance abuse and to evaluate its some associated factors in adolescents of Tabriz City (northwest of Iran).A self-administered questionnaire was completed in 4903 randomly selected students with mean age of 15.7 years old. The aim of the questionnaire was obtaining information on substance abuse, socio-economical information, cigarette smoking behavior, general risk taking behavior, self-esteem, attitude towards smoking and self-injury as well as demographical characteristics.Prevalence of substance abuse was 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1-1.7) which was different statistically significant between boys (2.4%) and girls (0.6%) (P<0.001). Older age (OR=1.43), not living with parents (OR=2.34), having general risk taking behavior (OR=2.26), higher smoking stage (OR=2.39), lower self-esteem (OR=1.09) and positive attitude toward smoking (OR=1.08) were factors associated with student's ever use of substance.The result has shown low prevalence of substance abuse in Iranian adolescents. Our findings showed some associated factors such as lower self-esteem with adolescent's substance abuse. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4791 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4791/4426

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 47 53 M Zarebavani Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. D Dargahi N Einollahi N Dashti M Mohebali M Rezaeian 2015 10 15 Giardia lamblia is one of the most important intestinal parasites. The aim of this study was to measure serum levels of IgA, IgE, zinc, copper, vitamin B12 and folate in individuals with giardiasis in comparison to normal subjects.The study was carried out among 49 Giardia positive and 39 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. Examination of stool samples was done by direct wet smear and formol-ether concentration method. Serum samples were obtained for further laboratory examination. IgA levels were measured by Single Radial Immune Diffusion (SRID). IgE levels were measured by ELISA kit. Zinc and copper levels was measured by Ziestchem Diagnostics Kit and colorimetric endpoint-method respectively. Vitamin B12 and folate levels were measured by DRG Diagnostics Kit and Enzyme Immunoassay method respectively. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.There was a statistically significant difference in IgA, IgE, copper and zinc levels between positive and negative groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between vitamin B12 and folate levels between the two groups. Mean values of Giardia positive and negative groups for IgA were 309.26 and 216.89 mg/dl, IgE 167.34 and 35.49 IU/ml, copper 309.74 and 253.61 μg/dl and zinc 69.41 and 144.75 μg/dl respectively.The results showed levels of IgA may correlate more closely with giardiasis than IgE. Regarding trace elements, giardiasis elevated serum copper levels, while it decreased serum zinc. Finally, there was no significant difference in serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid between the two groups. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4790 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4790/4425

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 12 2012 12 15 54 59 Mm Akhondi Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. K Kamali F Ranjbar S Shafeghati Z Behjati Ardakani M Shirzad M Eslamifar K Mohammad M Parsaeian 2015 10 tle>Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 Supple 1 2020 04 28 57 66 Ge CHEN Department of Clinical Engineering, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Jiarong XIE Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China AND Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Guangli DAI Department of Clinical Engineering, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Peijun ZHENG Department of Nursing, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Xiaqing HU Department of Emergency, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Hongpeng LU LU Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China AND Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Lei XU Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China AND Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Xueqin CHEN Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Xiaomin CHEN Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China AND Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China 2020 04 28 Background: We aimed to compare the accuracy of individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures with their tympanic temperature under different circumstances. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study in a real-life population in Ningbo First Hospital in China. We consecutively recorded individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures in Celsius (°C) using a noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT). We also measured individuals’ tympanic temperature using a tympanic thermometer (IRTT) and defined fever as a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C. Results: We enrolled 528 participants, including 261 indoor and 267 outdoor participants. We grouped the outdoor participants into four groups according to their means of transportation to the hospital: by foot, by bicycle/electric vehicle, by car, or as a passenger in a car. Under different circumstances, the mean difference in the forehead measurement ranged from -1.72 to -0.56 °C across groups, and that in the wrist measurement ranged from -0.96 to -0.61°C. Both measurements had high fever screening abilities in indoor patients. (Wrist: AUC 0.790; 95% CI: 0.725-0.854, P<0.001; forehead: AUC 0.816; 95% CI: 0.757-0.876, P <0.001). The cut-off value of the wrist measurement for detecting a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C was 36.2 °C, with 86.4% sensitivity and 67.0% specificity, and the best threshold for the forehead measurement was 36.2 °C, with 93.2% sensitivity and 60.0% specificity. Conclusion: Wrist measurements are more stable than forehead measurements under different circumstances. Both measurements have favorable fever screening abilities in indoor patients. The cut-off values were both 36.2 °C.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20542 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20542/6760

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 Supple 1 2020 04 28 67 75 Mehmet DOĞAN Department of Public Health, Health Services Vocational School, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey Muhammet BAYRAKTAR Family Medicine Unit, Kemerhisar First Family Health Center, Niğde, Turkey 2020 04 28 Background: This study aimed to evaluate the COVID-19 as seen worldwide from a public health perspective and evaluate the measures taken across Turkey against the virus and to determine the compliance of people with these measures. Methods: WHO's official COVID-19 cases were evaluated up to 27 Mar 2020. Public measures adopted by Turkey in combating the COVID-19 were examined. The compliance of those applying to Family Health Centers (FHC) with these measures was also evaluated. Results: Overall, 178 people who applied to the FHC were included in the study. Of the participants, 65.2% were women, and the average age was 56.47±17.27 (Min:18, Max:92). The most frequently used personal protection (96.1%) against the epidemic was liquid soap. According to the participants, avoiding patients (99.7%) and frequent hand washing (97.2%) were stated to as the most effective measures to protect against COVID-19. One of the first and most influential bodies in the fight against COVID-19 in Turkey is the Scientific Committee consisting of academicians. Turkey has taken measures such as closing land borders, stopping all flights, vacationing schools, closing places of worship, and stopping sports events. Conclusion: The COVID-19 has affected societies in many areas such as health, education, sports, and trade. Countries should take appropriate and timely measures to combat COVID-19. The public must comply with the precautions taken to fight COVID-19. Besides, all countries should take general precautions for public health against increasing epidemics.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20543 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20543/6761

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 Supple 1 2020 04 28 76 81 Ke FENG Department of Emergency, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningixa 750004, China Bin MEI Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China Zhongwei CHEN Department of Emergency, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningixa 750004, China Xufeng FU Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China 2020 04 28 Background: Beginning in Dec 2019, a novel coronavirus, designated SARS-CoV-2, has caused an international outbreak of respiratory illness termed COVID-19. The workers in the FangCang hospital have to work for more than 8 h and the work is high strength. Furthermore, to protect health and prevent serious cross-infection, they need to wear isolation equipment when working in FangCang hospital. These characteristics increase the risk of cardiac arrest (CA), which seriously endangers the lives of workers. Methods: We participated in the rescue of the patient and workers at first-line in FangCang hospital, and summarized the rescue strategies for workers rescuing. Results: Workers with CA were rescued in time according our guideline and showed zero dead in FangCang hospital. Conclusion: This study establishes the strategy for the CA of workers including the establishment of an in-FangCang resuscitation team, the establishment of a dedicated rescue room, and the formulation of rescue measures and procedures for CA of workers in the FangCang hospital. Therefore, we aimed to provide a strategy for the rescue of workers with CA in the FangCang hospital and share the success in rescuing with the world.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20544 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20544/6762

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 Supple 1 2020 04 28 82 86 Qingjie YI Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Quality Control Department of Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Wei FANG Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Pharmaceutical Department of Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Chunhui LANG Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Huaming MOU Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Three Gorges Center Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Jinglong LV Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of Hematology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Suxin WAN Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Pharmaceutical Department of Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Lian GUO Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Yilin WANG Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Quality Control Department of Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Huawen LIU Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of Oncology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Qing XIAO Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Chunqiu LIU Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Min HUANG Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of General Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China Bangshuo ZHANG Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China AND Department of Hematology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China 2020 04 28 Background: COVID-19(2019 novel coronavirus disease)has brought tremendous pressure to the prevention and control of the national epidemic due to its concealed onset, strong infectivity and fast transmission speed. Methods: In this retrospective study, 226 patients diagnosed with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in the Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital were included. The patients' clinical data, including general information, initial symptoms at the onset, time of disease diagnosis, time to treatment in hospital, time of nucleic acid conversion to negative, disease classification, total time of hospitalization were collected. The clinical data of the mild and severe patients were compared. Results: Fever, cough, sore throat, poor appetite andfatigue were the main symptoms of the diagnosed patients. The time of diagnosis was significantly shorter in the mild patients (4.96 ± 4.10 days) than severe patients (7.63 ± 9.17 days) (P=0.004). Mild patients had shorter time to treatment in hospital (6.09 ± 4.47 vs. 8.71 ± 9.04 days) and less time of nucleic acid conversion to negative (7.58 ± 2.51 vs. 11.6 ± 4.67 days) compared to the severe patients. Conclusion: The above results can be used as a quantitative basis for the “five-early"(early detection, early screening, early diagnosis, early isolation treatment, and early recovery) model. The government, the masses, and the hospitals' joint prevention and optimization of the "five-early" model will provide important scientific reference for further prevention and control of the epidemics.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20545 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20545/6763

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 Supple 1 2020 04 28 87 91 Yun ZHOU Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, No. 247, Ningbo, Zhengjiang, 315020, China Jing-Jing FANG Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, No. 247, Ningbo, Zhengjiang, 315020, China Shan-Shan WANG Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, No. 247, Ningbo, Zhengjiang, 315020, China 2020 04 28 Background: To explore the homogenized management method of infection prevention and control in medical resident under COVID-19 epidemic situation. Methods: Overall, 268 members in Ningbo Medical Group which was participating in the management of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China were managed homogeneously in terms of personal cleaning and disinfection of articles, prevention and control of infection in life, training and assessment o