Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 114 119 Wi-Young So Dept. of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea. Dong-Il Seo 2015 10 15 The purpose of this study was to examine whether lifestyle-related factors, such as frequency of drinking and smoking, mental stress, sleep duration, economic status, and education level, are associated with obesity (as defined given by the WHO report on Asia) in a selected sample of Korean adults.The subjects were 1,566 adults (505 men, 1,061 women) aged over 20 years who visited a public health center for medical checkups in Seoul, Korea, between November 1, 2010, and October 30, 2011. The association between lifestyle-related factors and obesity was assessed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for gender, age, frequency of drinking and smoking, mental stress, sleep duration, economic status, and education level.Only economic status and education level significantly predicted obesity; very rich people and people who completed high school, college, or higher were less likely to be obese.Therefore, frequency of smoking and drinking, sleep duration, and level of stress were not associated with obesity but economic status and educational level significantly predicted obesity. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4744 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4744/4384

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 120 128 Neslihan Lök Dept. of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Selçuk University Selçuklu-Konya 42100, Turkey. Belgin Akin 2015 10 15 This is a cross-sectional study aiming at analyzing the relation between falling and domestic environmental -risk factors in community-dwelling elderly.The study consisted of 243 randomly chosen community-dwelling elderly over 65 years of age living around a health care center in Central Selcuklu, Konya. Data were collected with a questionnaire form including socio-demographic and other characteristics, with the Rivermead Mobility Index for evaluating mobility condition and an Evaluation Form of Domestic Environmental Risk Factors of Falling (EFDERF), which is developed by the researcher to assess domestic environmental risk factors of falling.Based on (EFDERF) high number of problems lived in bathroom/restroom, kitchen, bedroom, sitting room/saloon and in all other areas was a risk factor in terms of domestic falling characteristics while the number of problems lived in hall and stairs was not a significant risk factor.EFDERF may be used by the nurses and health professionals to evaluate risk of falling and collecting data after visits in primary-care of elderly. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4743 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4743/4383

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 129 133 Jared Otieno Ogolla Dept. of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Eldoret, Kenya. Samuel Omulando Ayaya Christina Agatha Otieno 2015 10 15 This study sought to determine the level of adherence to Coartem© in the routine treatment of uncomplicated malaria among children under the age of five years in Nyando district, Kenya.Seventy-three children below the age of five years with microscopically confirmed uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and prescribed Coartem(®) during the normal outpatient department hours were included into the study on 27(th) of April to 15(th) of May 2009. Adherence was assessed through a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire; pill count and blister pack recovery. Patients were then classified into three categories of adherence. Patients who had tablets remaining in the blister pack were classified as definitely non-adherent. Those who had blister pack missing or empty and the caretaker did not report administering all the doses at the correct time and amount were considered probably non-adherent or as probably adherent when the caretaker reported administering all doses at the correct time and amount.Nine (14.5%) patients were definitely non-adherent, 6 (9.7%) probably non-adherent and 47 (75.8%) probably adherent. The most significantly left tablet was the sixth doses (P = 0.029).Caretakers should be made much aware that non-adherence might not only be dangerous to child's health but also dramatically increase the financial cost for public-health services. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4739 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4739/4379

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 134 144 Mehdi Zaré International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran. Behnaz Nazmazar 2015 10 15 An earthquake was happened on 23 October 2011 in Van, Turkey (Mw7.2) at the eastern most area of Anatolian plateau and in the neighborhood of Iranian border (West Azerbaijan Province). The study was performed based on field and office observations and has been focused on the process of disaster management in Turkey after the 23 October 2011 earthquake. We surveyed the quake from the view point of disaster management, and study the relief process during and after the catastrophe. The day-to-day disaster management procedure in seventeen days after the event has been scrutinized as well. The number of victims and extent of damage in Van earthquake was relatively limited according to the national experiences and recent modernization of infrastructures in Turkey. The Van earthquake caused 644 deaths and demolishing of several buildings in the cities of Van and Erciş in Van Province. The performance of the government organizations is however criticized based on their response to the event. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4747 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4747/4386

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 145 148 Mehdi Sayyah Education Development Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran. Mehrdad Sharifi Parisa Rokni 2015 10 15 Drug abuse is a problem that causes a wide array of social, emotional, and physical problems and involves both patients and the society. Helping the addicted has always been a priority for physicians and especially psychiatrists. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the effects of methadone and naltrexone in general well-being of patients undergoing these treatments.Forty-six patients who were taking either methadone or naltrexone were selected and evaluated for a period of 5 months using a 28-item questionnaire about their general health.In spite of the fact that patients undergoing methadone treatment had more severe symptoms and prognoses regarding their age, duration of drug abuse, and number of treatment attempts, these patients showed better general health and social functioning comparing to patients undergoing naltrexone treatment during the 6-month period of this study (P<0.000).Methadone might be regarded as an effective and useful medicine in treatment of addiction. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4727 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4727/4369

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 149 157 Asma Sabermahani Dept. of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohsen Barouni Hesam Seyedin Aidin Aryankhesal 2015 10 15 Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator that can show the impact of economic strategies on human life standards. The index is calculated by three main factors of income, education and health. This research studies the status of HDI across the Iranian provinces, its changes over time and the efficiency of provinces in using resources.The data for 2001 and 2009 was obtained from the Iranian Center of Statistics. Data envelopment analysis technique was used to analyze the data. To calculate the efficiency, Banker, Charnes and Cooper's model was used.The national mean for the HDI in 2001 was 0.717 while it grew to 0.747 in 2009. Except for one province, all others had an improved human development index. Low ranked provinces such as Sistan & Baluchistan and Kurdistan stayed at the bottom in 2009 as well. Some provinces such as Bushehr with developing oil industries, or those purposively benefited from national oil income showed good growth. In some provinces, such as Hormozgan, out-migration of manpower to its neighboring province, Bushehr, was associated with decrease of the provincial income level. The number of efficient provinces increased from 5 to 13 in 2009.Iran falls among countries with high human development index based on the 2009 data. However, the distribution of HDI status across provinces was highly varied and the difference between high- and low-developed provinces increased in 2009. The government needs to revise policies concerning distribution of resources among the provinces. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4725 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4725/4367

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 158 163 Niloofar Peykari Deputy of Research & Technology, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Iran ; Non Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parviz Owlia Hossein Malekafzali Mostafa Ghanei Abdolreza Babamahmoodi Shirin Djalalinia 2015 10 15 The science and technology health plan has defined the outline of health research to the national vision of Iran by 2025. The aim of this study was to focus on the process of needs assessment of health research projects also health research priority setting in Iran.THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT LIFE CYCLE HAS FOUR PHASES: Initiation, Planning, Execution and Closure. Based on abovementioned points we conducted the study.Focusing on the needs assessment led to systematic implementation of needs assessment of health project in all of the medical sciences universities. Parallel with this achieved strategies health research priority setting was followed through specific process from empowerment to implementation.We should adopt with more systematic progressive methods of health project managements for both our national convenience as well as our international health research programs. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4749 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4749/4388

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 164 171 Mostafa Hosseini Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shervin Taslimi Mahmoud Yousefifard Fereshteh Asgari Koorosh Etemad Hamid Heidarian Miri Ali Rafei Jalil Koohpayehzadeh Iman Navid Mohammad Mehdi Gouya 2015 10 15 High cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Understanding the distribution of serum cholesterol levels in each country is valuable index for use in public health planning. This study aimed to construct nomograms of total cholesterol (TC) levels and establish the cut-points specific to Iranian population.Data on serum TC levels of 19,630 non-institutionalized individuals aged 25-64 years from third national survey on non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD) in 2007 were used to construct cholesterol nomograms. We proposed cutoff values for borderline and high TC levels based on rounded 75th and 90th percentiles in three age groups (25-34, 35-44 and 45-64) respectively.Average yearly increase of TC for males up to the age of 45 and females up to 64 were 1.15 and 1.03 mg/dl, respectively. TC levels were higher in females. In males, cutoff values for "borderline and high" TC levels were 195 and 220 mg/dl in 25-34, 210 and 240 mg/d in 35-44 and 215 and 245 mg/dl in 45-64 years old individuals. In women, these values were 200 and 225 mg/dl in 25-34,215 and 240 mg/dl in 35-44 and 235 and 265 mg/dl in 45-64 years old individuals respectively.Since TC levels are different in two sexes and change with age, we proposed different cutoffs for sex and age group. We think these cutoffs could be used in national public health planning. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4731 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4731/4373

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 172 181 Mohsen Saffari Health Research Center and Dept. of Health Education, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Najmemolouk Amini Hasan Eftekhar Ardebili

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 3 2011 09 15 79 88 M Dejman AS Forouzan Sh Assari H Malekafzali Sh Nohesara N Khatibzadeh K Falahat S Ekblad 2015 10 03 Background: Depressive disorder is globally estimated to be as many as one in five visits to primary health care. Approximately more than 50% of depressed women in primary care are not diagnosed. As a part of a major investigation into perceptions of women's depression, this study explored how female patients and their relatives conceptualize patients' conditions in three ethnic groups in Iran (Fars, Kurds and Turks). Methods: Qualitative methods were used for data collection. Depressed women and their relatives were purposively selected from the public psychiatric clinics affiliated to university of medical sciences in the three study cities. Twenty-five depressed women and 14 relatives were interviewed in three ethnic groups. Results: One theme "illness meaning", including three categories: perceived symptoms, label of the illness, and effects of the illness was found through the content analysis. The participants perceived symptoms of illness as somatic and psychological depending on the participant's assumed reason for the onset of the illness. There were most similarities in term used for of the illness in the three ethnic groups. Most of the study participants described the illness in terms of nerve problems/illness, and depression "afsordehgi". The most important effects that depressed women had experienced because of their illness were marital conflict or a guilt feeling originating from their inability to support family. Conclusion: These findings suggest the need to recognize and choose appropriate diagnostic approach for depressed women in the context of Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3034 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3034/2834

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 3 2011 09 15 89 97 M Çetin M Cimen 2015 10 03 Background: The objective was to measure the sensitivity of a group of physicians regarding the ethics-related situa­tions, which they faced during patient care and treatment. Methods: All of 306 physicians who joined the Turkish Army for compulsory military service in December 2008 were included in the study. A "Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire", formed by Kim Lutzen, was applied to all of them. Results: From total, 95% of physicians performed their job willingly, 88% of physicians attended ethic lessons (n=265), 72.4% (n=218) followed ethic publications, 67.4% (n=203) stated that there was an ethic committee at their institutions, and 5% worked as a member of the ethic committee. There were statistically significant differences between autonomy, benevolence meaning, conflict, and total scores according to workplace of physicians, employment period, and being specialists. Points of autonomy were found lower in physicians working at private hospital and health center than those at public hospital. Conclusion: Ethical sensitivity of physicians changed due to work place. We conclude that organizational arrangements are of beneficial effects to increase ethical sensitivity. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3035 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3035/2835

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 3 2011 09 15 98 104 M Zamani-Zadeh M Sheikh-Zeinoddin S Soleimanian-Zad 2015 10 03 Background: Listeria monocytogenes is of major concern to the food industry in general and the dairy industry in particular. Little is known about incidence of this pathogenic bacterium in dairy products in Iran. Methods: A survey was made from 23 September 2006 to 22 June 2007 for Listeria species in ninety samples of tradi­tional and industrial cheeses, in milk and surface where the cheeses were manufactured from unpasteurized raw milk in the province of Isfahan (Iran). Results: Listeria murrayi, L. grayi and L. ivanovii, were detected in nine traditional cheeses and one raw milk sample. None of the different Listeria species were isolated from the industrial cheeses and their environment. Conclusion: There are almost good hygienic conditions in domestic cheese manufacturing farmhouses in Isfahan area, but we should try to improve hygienic levels until we have none of the Listeria spp. in our samples.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3036 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3036/2836

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 3 2011 09 15 105 112 F Kiani H Samavatyan S Pourabdian E Jafari 2015 10 03 Background: There is long-term interest in the effects of stress on health, due to the strain that it places on individuals which can lead to an increased risk of disease. The present study examined degree of perceived job stress related to incidents reporting rate and its dimensions among workers' Isfahan Steel Company. Methods: A self-administered anonymous was distributed to 189 workers. The survey included demographic factors, incidents reporting rate and its components (physical symptoms, psychological symptoms and accidents) and the Job Stress Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate (MANOVA) and correlation techniques. Results: 1) there was internal significant correlation between perceived job stress with incident reporting rate as well as with its two components namely physical symptoms and psychological symptoms; 2) there was not a significant relationship between perceived job stress and accident; 2) In multivariate analysis, perceived job stress respectively about 12%, 18% and 19% of the variance of variables of incidents reporting rate, physical and psychological symptoms significantly predicted (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Perceived job stress influences to physical and psychological symptoms. Therefore, decreasing job stress can be important to prevent the development of stress-related diseases and to promote workers health. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3037 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3037/2837

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 3 2011 09 15 113 121 I Shahramian Z Heidari HR Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb A Moradi F Forghani 2015 10 03 Background: This study was performed to compare the prevalence of HPV infection and high risk HPV genotypes [16, 18] between monogamous and polygamous women, in Zabol, Iran. Methods:  This cross sectional study was conducted in Zabol in 2006 - 2007. Two hundred sixty five married women attend­ing the Gynecology Clinic for Cervical Disease Screening entered to this study. One hundred sixty two cases had mo­nogamous, and 103 had polygamous husbands. HPV PCR samples were obtained from scrape of papsmear speci­mens. The biotinylated primers MY09/MY11, GP5+/GP6+, were utilized to enable amplification and detection of posi­tive PCR products. Confirmation of HPV-16 and -18 were done by type-specific PCR primers HPV-16/F, HPV-16/R and HPV-18/F, HPV-18/R. Results: Prevalence of HPV infection in monogamous and polygamous groups was 29% and 37.9%, respectively. The most HPV infection was found in 15-25 years group. The most prevalence of infection in monogamous group was HPV-18 and HPV- non16, 18 in 15-25 years, and HPV-16 in 26-35 years group. In polygamous group the most preva­lent type was HPV-16, 18 in 15-25 years group. The most prevalent HPV-16 was seen in sever inflammation and dys­plasia cytology in both groups. Conclusion: Prevalence of HPV infection in Zabol is high, and in women with polygamous husbands group is slightly more than monogamous. Screening for this infection must be recommended in this region of Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3038 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3038/2838

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 3 2011 09 15 122 127 F Sayar M Sadat Hoseini S Abbaspour 2015 10 03 Background:  A  lot  of  studies  have  shown  periodontal  diseases  as  a  risk  factor  for  adverse  pregnancy  out­comes. The  as­sociation  between  periodontitis  and  preeclampsia  has  been  studied  recently  with  contro­versy. Considering  the  importance  of  preventing  preeclampsia  as  a  dangerous  and  life-threatening  disease  in  pregnant  women,  the  pre­sent  study  was  carried  out.  Methods:  Two  hundred  and  ten  pregnant  women  participated  in  this  case-control  study  (105  controls  &  105  cases)  during  years  2007  and  2008.  Preeclamptic  cases  were  defined  as  blood  pressure  ≥140/90mmHg  and  protein­uria  +1.  Control  group  were  pregnant  women  with  normal  blood  pressure  with­out  proteinuria.  Both groups were examined during 48 hours after child delivery. Plaque  Index  (PLI), Pocket  Depth  (PD),  Clinical  Attachment  Level  (CAL),  Bleeding  On  Probing  (BOP),  Gingival  Recession  (GR)  were  measured  on  all  teeth  except  for  third  molars  and  recorded  as  periodontal  examination. Data was ana­lyzed using t-test, chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests. Results:  There  was  no  significant  difference  between  the  two  study  groups  for  PD. CAL,  GR,  BOP  signifi­cantly  in­creased  in  the  case  group  (P< 0.02).  This  study  showed  that  preeclamptic  cases  were  more  likely  to  develop  perio­dontal  disease  (P< 0.0001).  Eighty  three  percent  of  the  control  group  and  95%  of  the  case  group  had  perio­dontal  disease  (P< 0.005)  which  had  shown  that  preeclamptic  cases  were  4.1  times  more  likely  to  have  periodontal  disease (OR= 4.1). Conclusion: Preeclamptic cases significantly  had  higher  attachment  loss  and  gingival  recession  than  the  con­trol  group. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3039 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3039/2839

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 3 2011 09 15 128 135 T Aghamolaei S Sadat Tavafian Sh Zare 2015 10 03 Background: The relationship between socio demographic status and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) has not been well documented in most population of Asian countries including Iran. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of HRQOL in general population living in Bandar Abbas. Methods:  This cross sectional study was conducted among general population living in Bandar Abass , Iran from  Jun to Jul, 2007. Using a multistage sampling method, a random sample of  individuals aged 15 years and over were inter­viewed through SF-36 questionnaire .Multiple logistic regression analysis were used to predict determinant factors  on health related quality of life. Results: Overall, 1675 Iranian adults were interviewed. The majority of the participants were fem