Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 114 119 Wi-Young So Dept. of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea. Dong-Il Seo 2015 10 15 The purpose of this study was to examine whether lifestyle-related factors, such as frequency of drinking and smoking, mental stress, sleep duration, economic status, and education level, are associated with obesity (as defined given by the WHO report on Asia) in a selected sample of Korean adults.The subjects were 1,566 adults (505 men, 1,061 women) aged over 20 years who visited a public health center for medical checkups in Seoul, Korea, between November 1, 2010, and October 30, 2011. The association between lifestyle-related factors and obesity was assessed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for gender, age, frequency of drinking and smoking, mental stress, sleep duration, economic status, and education level.Only economic status and education level significantly predicted obesity; very rich people and people who completed high school, college, or higher were less likely to be obese.Therefore, frequency of smoking and drinking, sleep duration, and level of stress were not associated with obesity but economic status and educational level significantly predicted obesity. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4744 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4744/4384

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 120 128 Neslihan Lök Dept. of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Selçuk University Selçuklu-Konya 42100, Turkey. Belgin Akin 2015 10 15 This is a cross-sectional study aiming at analyzing the relation between falling and domestic environmental -risk factors in community-dwelling elderly.The study consisted of 243 randomly chosen community-dwelling elderly over 65 years of age living around a health care center in Central Selcuklu, Konya. Data were collected with a questionnaire form including socio-demographic and other characteristics, with the Rivermead Mobility Index for evaluating mobility condition and an Evaluation Form of Domestic Environmental Risk Factors of Falling (EFDERF), which is developed by the researcher to assess domestic environmental risk factors of falling.Based on (EFDERF) high number of problems lived in bathroom/restroom, kitchen, bedroom, sitting room/saloon and in all other areas was a risk factor in terms of domestic falling characteristics while the number of problems lived in hall and stairs was not a significant risk factor.EFDERF may be used by the nurses and health professionals to evaluate risk of falling and collecting data after visits in primary-care of elderly. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4743 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4743/4383

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 129 133 Jared Otieno Ogolla Dept. of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Eldoret, Kenya. Samuel Omulando Ayaya Christina Agatha Otieno 2015 10 15 This study sought to determine the level of adherence to Coartem© in the routine treatment of uncomplicated malaria among children under the age of five years in Nyando district, Kenya.Seventy-three children below the age of five years with microscopically confirmed uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and prescribed Coartem(®) during the normal outpatient department hours were included into the study on 27(th) of April to 15(th) of May 2009. Adherence was assessed through a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire; pill count and blister pack recovery. Patients were then classified into three categories of adherence. Patients who had tablets remaining in the blister pack were classified as definitely non-adherent. Those who had blister pack missing or empty and the caretaker did not report administering all the doses at the correct time and amount were considered probably non-adherent or as probably adherent when the caretaker reported administering all doses at the correct time and amount.Nine (14.5%) patients were definitely non-adherent, 6 (9.7%) probably non-adherent and 47 (75.8%) probably adherent. The most significantly left tablet was the sixth doses (P = 0.029).Caretakers should be made much aware that non-adherence might not only be dangerous to child's health but also dramatically increase the financial cost for public-health services. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4739 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4739/4379

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 134 144 Mehdi Zaré International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran. Behnaz Nazmazar 2015 10 15 An earthquake was happened on 23 October 2011 in Van, Turkey (Mw7.2) at the eastern most area of Anatolian plateau and in the neighborhood of Iranian border (West Azerbaijan Province). The study was performed based on field and office observations and has been focused on the process of disaster management in Turkey after the 23 October 2011 earthquake. We surveyed the quake from the view point of disaster management, and study the relief process during and after the catastrophe. The day-to-day disaster management procedure in seventeen days after the event has been scrutinized as well. The number of victims and extent of damage in Van earthquake was relatively limited according to the national experiences and recent modernization of infrastructures in Turkey. The Van earthquake caused 644 deaths and demolishing of several buildings in the cities of Van and Erciş in Van Province. The performance of the government organizations is however criticized based on their response to the event. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4747 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4747/4386

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 145 148 Mehdi Sayyah Education Development Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran. Mehrdad Sharifi Parisa Rokni 2015 10 15 Drug abuse is a problem that causes a wide array of social, emotional, and physical problems and involves both patients and the society. Helping the addicted has always been a priority for physicians and especially psychiatrists. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the effects of methadone and naltrexone in general well-being of patients undergoing these treatments.Forty-six patients who were taking either methadone or naltrexone were selected and evaluated for a period of 5 months using a 28-item questionnaire about their general health.In spite of the fact that patients undergoing methadone treatment had more severe symptoms and prognoses regarding their age, duration of drug abuse, and number of treatment attempts, these patients showed better general health and social functioning comparing to patients undergoing naltrexone treatment during the 6-month period of this study (P<0.000).Methadone might be regarded as an effective and useful medicine in treatment of addiction. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4727 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4727/4369

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 149 157 Asma Sabermahani Dept. of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohsen Barouni Hesam Seyedin Aidin Aryankhesal 2015 10 15 Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator that can show the impact of economic strategies on human life standards. The index is calculated by three main factors of income, education and health. This research studies the status of HDI across the Iranian provinces, its changes over time and the efficiency of provinces in using resources.The data for 2001 and 2009 was obtained from the Iranian Center of Statistics. Data envelopment analysis technique was used to analyze the data. To calculate the efficiency, Banker, Charnes and Cooper's model was used.The national mean for the HDI in 2001 was 0.717 while it grew to 0.747 in 2009. Except for one province, all others had an improved human development index. Low ranked provinces such as Sistan & Baluchistan and Kurdistan stayed at the bottom in 2009 as well. Some provinces such as Bushehr with developing oil industries, or those purposively benefited from national oil income showed good growth. In some provinces, such as Hormozgan, out-migration of manpower to its neighboring province, Bushehr, was associated with decrease of the provincial income level. The number of efficient provinces increased from 5 to 13 in 2009.Iran falls among countries with high human development index based on the 2009 data. However, the distribution of HDI status across provinces was highly varied and the difference between high- and low-developed provinces increased in 2009. The government needs to revise policies concerning distribution of resources among the provinces. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4725 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4725/4367

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 158 163 Niloofar Peykari Deputy of Research & Technology, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Iran ; Non Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parviz Owlia Hossein Malekafzali Mostafa Ghanei Abdolreza Babamahmoodi Shirin Djalalinia 2015 10 15 The science and technology health plan has defined the outline of health research to the national vision of Iran by 2025. The aim of this study was to focus on the process of needs assessment of health research projects also health research priority setting in Iran.THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT LIFE CYCLE HAS FOUR PHASES: Initiation, Planning, Execution and Closure. Based on abovementioned points we conducted the study.Focusing on the needs assessment led to systematic implementation of needs assessment of health project in all of the medical sciences universities. Parallel with this achieved strategies health research priority setting was followed through specific process from empowerment to implementation.We should adopt with more systematic progressive methods of health project managements for both our national convenience as well as our international health research programs. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4749 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4749/4388

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 164 171 Mostafa Hosseini Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shervin Taslimi Mahmoud Yousefifard Fereshteh Asgari Koorosh Etemad Hamid Heidarian Miri Ali Rafei Jalil Koohpayehzadeh Iman Navid Mohammad Mehdi Gouya 2015 10 15 High cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Understanding the distribution of serum cholesterol levels in each country is valuable index for use in public health planning. This study aimed to construct nomograms of total cholesterol (TC) levels and establish the cut-points specific to Iranian population.Data on serum TC levels of 19,630 non-institutionalized individuals aged 25-64 years from third national survey on non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD) in 2007 were used to construct cholesterol nomograms. We proposed cutoff values for borderline and high TC levels based on rounded 75th and 90th percentiles in three age groups (25-34, 35-44 and 45-64) respectively.Average yearly increase of TC for males up to the age of 45 and females up to 64 were 1.15 and 1.03 mg/dl, respectively. TC levels were higher in females. In males, cutoff values for "borderline and high" TC levels were 195 and 220 mg/dl in 25-34, 210 and 240 mg/d in 35-44 and 215 and 245 mg/dl in 45-64 years old individuals. In women, these values were 200 and 225 mg/dl in 25-34,215 and 240 mg/dl in 35-44 and 235 and 265 mg/dl in 45-64 years old individuals respectively.Since TC levels are different in two sexes and change with age, we proposed different cutoffs for sex and age group. We think these cutoffs could be used in national public health planning. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4731 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4731/4373

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 2 2013 02 15 172 181 Mohsen Saffari Health Research Center and Dept. of Health Education, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Najmemolouk Amini Hasan Eftekhar ArdebiliDept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soheila Asgari International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Reza Majdzadeh Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Community Based Participatory Research Center (CBPR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 This study was conducted to identify the determinants of protective behavior in relation to HIV transmission. Since the risk of transmission is higher among those who have extramarital intercourse, the study sample constituted of such people.We started this study in 2010 and finished it in 2011. Participants were divided into low-risk and high-risk groups. High-risk people included sex workers and those who presented at drop-in centers. Interviewees were 18 men and women in the low-risk group and 12 men and women in the high-risk group. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and were analyzed using the thematic framework method.In both groups, protective behavior was influenced by willingness to protect, intention or decision to protect, and personal, social, and environmental barriers and facilitators. In terms of willingness, behavior was influenced to preserve sexual pleasure by avoiding condoms. In terms of barriers and facilitators, trust in partner, misperceptions, condom inaccessibility, unplanned sex, fear of contracting the disease, partner's wish, ethical commitments were mentioned by both groups, stigma of condom possession by the low-risk group, and partner's force was mentioned by the high-risk group.Educational programs need to focus on changing the concept that "condoms reduce sexual pleasure". In addition, interventional programs to strengthen factors such as self-efficacy, ethical commitments, faithfulness, and correct beliefs such as undue trust in partner, misconception of being safe, unplanned sex, and the stigma of possessing condoms can be very effective in changing high-risk sexual behavior. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4434 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4434/4083

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 854 859 Parvin Cheraghi Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Jalal Poorolajal Research Center for Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Babak Moeini Research Center for Health Sciences and Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Zahra Cheraghi Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2015 10 15 Literatures that focus on the risk factors of unintended pregnancy among married women are limited especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of unintended pregnancy in a west region of Iran.This case-control study was conducted from September to November 2011 in Hamadan City, western Iran. A stratified cluster random sampling method was used for data collection. All participants were enrolled voluntarily into the study including 181 cases and 391 controls. Cases were married women with unintended pregnancy. Controls were married women with planned pregnancy.Of 572 participants, 31 (5.4%) women had not used any methods of contraception prior to the recent pregnancy. The proportion of using ineffective contraceptive methods such as withdrawal was higher in cases than in controls. The most effective predictor of unintended pregnancy was the number of previous alive children so that the risk of unplanned pregnancy increased 3.68 per one child (P<0.001).This study introduced several effective predictors for unintended pregnancy among married women which may be useful for family planning programs. The high-risk population should be strongly advised to use highly effective contraceptive methods such as tubal ligation, vasectomy or OCP provided that being used correctly. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4432 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4432/4081

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 860 867 Jalil Jafari Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Mesdaghinia Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ramin Nabizadeh Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehrdad Farrokhi Dept. of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Amir Hossein Mahvi Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Anaerobic treatment methods are more suitable for the treatment of concentrated wastewater streams, offer lower operating costs, the production of usable biogas product. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR)-Aerobic Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR) in series arrangement to treat Currant wastewater.The bed materials of AFBR were cylindrical particles made of PVC with a diameter of 2-2.3 mm, particle density of 1250 kg/m(3). The volume of all bed materials was 1.7 liter which expanded to 2.46 liters in fluidized situation. In MBBR, support media was composed of 1.5 liters Bee-Cell 2000 having porosity of 87% and specific surface area of 650m(2)/m(3).When system operated at 35 ºC, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were achieved to 98% and 81.6% for organic loading rates (OLR) of 9.4 and 24.2 g COD/l.d, and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 48 and 18 h, in average COD concentration feeding of 18.4 g/l, respectively.The contribution of AFBR in total COD removal efficiency at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 9.4 g COD/l.d was 95%, and gradually decreased to 76.5% in OLR of 24.2 g COD/l.d. Also with increasing in organic loading rate the contribution of aerobic reactor in removing COD gradually decreased. In this system, the anaerobic reactor played the most important role in the removal of COD, and the aerobic MBBR was actually needed to polish the anaerobic treated wastewater. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4430 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4430/4079

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 868 875 Fatemeh Kargar Dept. of Occupational Health Enginrrying, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri Dept. of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farideh Golbabaei Dept. of Occupational Health Enginrrying, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abolfazl Barkhordari Dept. of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Abbas Rahimi-Froushani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Monireh Khadem Dept. of Occupational Health Enginrrying, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Cobalt is one of the most important constituent present in ceramic industries. Glazers are the relevant workers when they are producing blue colored ceramic, causing occupational exposure to such metal. Through this study, urinary cobalt was determined in glazers in a ceramic industry when they were producing blue-colored ceramic glazes.In this case-control study, spot urine samples were collected from 49 glazers at the start and end of work shifts (totally 98 samples) in 2011. Control group were well matched for age, height, and weight. A solid phase extraction system was used for separation and preconcentration of samples followed by analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). All participants filled out a self administered questionnaire comprises questions about duration of exposure, work shift, use of mask, skin dermatitis, kind of job, ventilation system, overtime work, age, weight, and height. The lung function tests were performed on each control and cobalt exposed subjects. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the obtained results.Urinary levels of cobalt were significantly higher in the glazers compared to the control group. There were significant differences at urinary concentration of cobalt at the start and end of the work shift in glazers. Spirometric parameters were significantly lower in the glazers compared to the control group. Among the variables used in questionnaire the significant variables were dermatitis skin, mask, ventilation, and overtime work.This study verified existence of cobalt in the urine glazers, showing lower amount than the ACGIH standard. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4428 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4428/4077

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 876 882 Peivand Bastani Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soudabeh Vatankhah Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Health Management and Economics Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Masoud Salehi Health Management and Economics Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Depart. of Statistics and Mathematics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 This study was designed to present and compare Iranian hospitals` performance applying ratio analysis technique.This cross-sectional survey was conducted to present an instant image of 139 Iranian hospitals` performance status applying ratio analysis as one of the non parametric technical efficiency assessment methods in 2008. Data was collected using nine dimensional questionnaires supported by world wide web to achieve main hospital ratios. Final analysis was performed applying classic statistics and relevant statistical tests on significant level of 0.05.Four hospital performance indicators were estimated in the studied hospitals as follows: Bed turnover rate (BTR) was fluctuated from 64.5 to 114.8 times for hospitals located in rich and poor areas respectively. Moreover Bed Interval Rate (BIT) was calculated 1.36 versus 2.4 in the poor and rich areas. Average length of stay (ALS) was computed 1.82 for the poor regions but 3.27 for the rich ones furthermore, a positive statistical significant correlation was seen between ALS and the hospital size (P=0.001, r=0.28). Average bed occupancy rate (BOR) was 57.8% and its variation was from 31.4% to 64.5% depending on the hospital size so that there was a positive statistical significant relationship between the hospital size and BOR (P=0.006, r=0.32).Regarding that BOR, ALS, BTR and BIT along with mortality rates are mentioned as the most considerable performance indicators, applying analytic frameworks more than considering single and raw indicators are severely recommended. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4426 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4426/4075

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 883 888 Masomeh Khodadadi Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Nateghpour Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran ; Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Effat Souri Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemical, Faculty of Pharmacy, (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Leila Farivar Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Abbas Rahimi-Froushani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Zeinab Karbalaei Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. 2015 10