Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 3 2014 03 15 263 72 Bala Murali Sundram Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Building, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Maznah Dahlui Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Building, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Karuthan Chinna Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Building, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2015 10 15 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of individual-focused stress management training namely Deep Breathing Exercise (DBE) on self-perceived occupational stress among male automotive assembly-line workers.A quasi-experimental study was conducted at 2 automotive assembly plants in Malaysia over 9 months, from January 2012 to September 2012. Assembly-line workers from Plant A received DBE training while Plant B acted as a control by receiving pamphlets on stress and its ill-effects. Intention-to-treat analysis was conducted among the self-voluntary respondents in Plant A (n=468) and Plant B (n=293). The level of stress was measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) stress subscale.Significant favorable intervention effects were found in Plant A (Effect size=0.6) as compared to Plant B (Effect size=0.2) at the end of the study in those receiving DBE. Time and group interaction effects were examined using the repeated measure ANOVA test in which there was a significant group *time interaction effect [F (1, 1) = 272.45, P<0.001].The improvement in stress levels showed the potential of DBE training as part of Employee Assistance Program in the automotive assembly plant. Future studies should be carried out to assess the long term effects of an on-site relaxation training to provide stronger evidence for the introduction of DBE among assembly-line workers as a coping strategy to alleviate occupational stress. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4202 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4202/3859

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 3 2014 03 15 273 81 Frank F C Pan Research Center on Medical Tourism & Hospitality, Tajen University, Taiwan. 2015 10 15 Nurses have long been relied as the major labor force in hospitals. Featured with complicated and highly labor-intensive job requirement, multiple pressures from different sources was inevitable. Success in identifying stresses and accordingly coping with such stresses is important for job performance of nurses, and service quality of a hospital. Purpose of this research is to identify the determinants of nurses' capabilities.A modified Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was adopted. Overall, 105 nurses from several randomly selected hospitals in southern Taiwan were investigated to generate factors. Ten experienced practitioners were included as the expert in the AHP to produce weights of each criterion. Six nurses from two regional hospitals were then selected to test the model.Four factors are then identified as the second level of hierarchy. The study result shows that the family factor is the most important factor, and followed by the personal attributes. Top three sub-criteria that attribute to the nurse's stress-coping capability are children's education, good career plan, and healthy family. The practical simulation provided evidence for the usefulness of this model.The study suggested including these key determinants into the practice of human-resource management, and restructuring the hospital's organization, creating an employee-support system as well as a family-friendly working climate. The research provided evidence that supports the usefulness of AHP in identifying the key factors that help stabilizing a nursing team. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4200 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4200/3857

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 3 2014 03 15 282 90 Yongzhi Lun 1. Liaoning Provincial University Key Laboratory of Biophysics, College of Medicine, Dalian University Dalian, China. Chongbo Xu 1. Liaoning Provincial University Key Laboratory of Biophysics, College of Medicine, Dalian University Dalian, China. Qing Chi 1. Liaoning Provincial University Key Laboratory of Biophysics, College of Medicine, Dalian University Dalian, China. Xuelei Wang 1. Liaoning Provincial University Key Laboratory of Biophysics, College of Medicine, Dalian University Dalian, China. Wen Sui 1. Liaoning Provincial University Key Laboratory of Biophysics, College of Medicine, Dalian University Dalian, China. Sujuan Jiang 2. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University , Dalian, China. 2015 10 15 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA polymerase transactivated protein 1 (HBVDNAPTP1) is a novel protein transactivated by HBV DNA polymerase, screened by suppression subtractive hybridization technique (GenBank accession no: AY450389). The biological function of HBVDNAPTP1 was investigated in this study.We constructed a vector pcDNA3.1 (-)/myc-His A-HBVDNAPTP1 and used it to transfect acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. HBVDNAPTP1 expression was detected by western blot analysis in the cells. A cDNA library of genes transactivated by HBVDNAPTP1 in THP-1 cells was made in pGEM-T Easy using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). The cDNAs were sequenced and analyzed with BLAST search against the sequences in GenBank.Some sequences, such as CIP4, might be involved in apoptosis development. mRNA and protein expression of CIP4 was identified by Real time RT-PCR and western blot in THP-1 cells. HBVDNAPTP1 could down-regulate the expression of CIP4 at both transcription and translation levels.HBVDNAPTP1 may be involved in the positive regulation on the initiation of monocyte apoptosis. The result contribute to reveal the HBVDNAPTP1 biological functions and provide new evidences for further exploration of the regulatory mechanism of HBVDNAPTP1. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4198 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4198/3855

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 3 2014 03 15 291 9 Muhammad Asif Asghar Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex , Karachi, Pakistan. Javed Iqbal Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex , Karachi, Pakistan. Aftab Ahmed Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex , Karachi, Pakistan. Mobeen Ahmed Khan Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex , Karachi, Pakistan. 2015 10 15 The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of an economically-important class of mycotoxins, the aflatoxins (AFs) in Pakistani Brown Rice.A total of 262 of brown rice samples were collected from different vendors during July 2006 to June 2011. Samples were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) by thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique.AFB1 was detected in 250 (95.4%) samples, whereas AFB2 was detected in 20 (7.6%) samples. Furthermore, AFG1 and AFG2 were not found in any sample. The contamination range of AFB1 and AFB2 was found 1.07-24.65 μg/kg and 0.52-2.62 μg/kg, respectively. Total AFs were quantified in 250 (95.4%) samples with an average of 3.89 μg/kg and contamination range was noted to be between 1.07-27.27 μg/kg. The overall results indicated that in 12 (4.6%) samples, AFs were not found within detectable limits. Furthermore, in 188 (71.7%) samples, AFs level was found below than maximum tolerated levels (MTL) as recommended by the European Union (4 μg/kg). Moreover, in 61 (23.3%) samples, AFs range was found between 4-20 μg/kg, which were fit for human consumption as per MTL (20 μg/kg) assigned by USA (FDA and FAO) and Pakistan (PSQCA). While only one sample (27.27 μg/kg) exceeded the above mention regulation limits.Low level of AFs occurs frequently in brown rice, and can be improved using proper harvesting practices, storage and transportation conditions. The small quantities of AFs warrant performing further investigation, monitoring and routine analysis on regular basis. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4196 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4196/3853

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 3 2014 03 15 300 9 Ping Hu 1. Public Health & Management College, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China. Lingli Han 1. Public Health & Management College, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China. Manoj Sharma 2. Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, USA. Huan Zeng 2. Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, USA. Yong Zhang 1. Public Health & Management College, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China. Hui Li 1. Public Health & Management College, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China. Yong Zhao 1. Public Health & Management College, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China. 2015 10 15 There have been many studies that evidence the health hazards of sunlight exposure, but less study on sun safe intervention model, especially in China. Our aim was to evaluate the cognitive and behavioral effects of a peer education model-based intervention to sun safe in children.Cluster random control intervention was conducted in one district in Chongqing, China. Two primary schools, selected through stratified clustered sampling approach (two grades in each school, three classes in each grade) were designated as intervention (n=304) and control schools (n=305) randomly. 36 students, selected as peer educators in intervention group, were trained for one month. Educational activities such as discussions were organized by peer educator for one month. There was no sun safe education to participants in control school during the project period. The evaluation of changes of sun safe knowledge (the primary outcome), attitude and behavior (the secondary outcome measures) were conducted before intervention and at months of 0, 1 and 6 of the intervention to two groups using quantitative and qualitative methods.After the intervention, sun safe knowledge score which gained by the students from intervention group has been remarkably improved, compared to baseline survey (24.48±6.17 vs. 29.51±6.75) (P<0.001), and it kept this high level (29.02±7.96 and. 28.65±8.96), while control group students' scores have made no difference (P=0.410). Most of students have changed their sun safe behavior after the intervention.Peer education program is somewhat effective in some dimensions for improving children's understanding of sun safe knowledge and behavior. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4194 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4194/3851

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 3 2014 03 15 310 5 Salma Teimoori 1. WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; 2. Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Aliakbar Sabour Yaraghi 3. Dept. of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health , Tehran, Iran. Mahsa Sadat Makki 2. Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Farideh Shahbazi 2. Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Shahrokh Nazmara 4. Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Mohhamad Bagher Rokni 2. Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Alireza Mesdaghinia 4. Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Abdoreza Salahi Moghaddam 5. Dept. of Pathobiology, Bandar Abbas Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (HUMS) , Iran. Mostafa Hosseini 6. Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical sciences , Tehran, Iran. Arash Rakhshanpour 2. Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Mowlavi 2. Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capability of helminths to absorb heavy metals in comparison with that of the host tissues.We compared the concentration of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) in urban rats and in their harboring helminthes -Moniliformis moniliformis, Hymenolepis diminuta and larval stage of Taenia taenaeiformis (Cysticercus fasciolaris). The heavy metal absorption was evaluated in 1g wet weight of parasites and tissues digested in nitric acid, using Inductivity Coupled Plasma (ICP_OES).A higher concentration of heavy metals was revealed in the helminths than in the host tissues. Bioconcentration factor (BF= C in parasite/C in tissue) for both Cd and Cr absorption was more than 10-fold higher in M. moniliformis than in the three compared host tissues. The BF of Cd in M. moniliformis compared to the liver, kidney and muscle of the host was 9.16, 14.14 and 17.09, respectively. BF in Cr in the same parasite and the same host tissues ranged from 10.67, 7.06 and 4.6. High level of absorption in H. diminuta was significantly likewise; the individual BF of Cd and Cr in H. diminuta compared to the liver, kidney and muscle of the hosts was 4.95, 5.94 and 4.67 vs. 2.67, 11.56 and 5.59. The mean concentration of Cd and Cr in C. fasciolaris was also significantly higher than that in the rat livers (P<0.007 and P<0.004, respectively).This study claims that parasites of terrestrial animals exposed to heavy metals can be more accurate indicators than the host tissues as new environmental monitoring agents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4192 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4192/3849

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 3 2014 03 15 46 55 H Bakhshandeh K Holakouie Naeini H Zeraati MH Forouzanfar F Noohi A Sadeghpour A Alizadeh Diz HR Sanati F Abolhassani Shahreza 2015 10 03 Background: Disability Weights (DWs) are main components for computing summary measure of population health (SMPH) and economic studies. They are specific for each community, but there are no previous studies in Iran. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of health state valuation (HSV) in Iranian population. Methods: Twelve cardiologists in 3 sessions of expert panels, defined 25 states, related to cardiovascular diseases (3 major and 22 specific diseases). From January to March 2008, 80 persons in 4 groups including: physicians, patients, patients' families and general publics (each group 20), were interviewed and valuated the states, using visual analogue scale (VAS) method. SPSS® 15 for window® (SPSS Corporation, Chicago, Illinois) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Data showed that the defined health states had various severities. All the 4 groups ranked the "3 major-dis­eases" and "very-mild" and "very-severe" states, similarly. Non-physicians were not able to differentiate among "val­vular-dis­eases" and "pacemakers" properly. The reliability of responses was acceptable. Conclusion: VAS is an appropriate and reliable method for HSV in Iranian population. Non-physicians' opinions can be consider in major cardiac diseases. Valuation of more specific situations must perform by physicians. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3149 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3149/2948

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 56 63 HM Saleh N Rohowsky M Leski 2015 10 03 Background: We investigated whether the C-819T SNP of the CTLA4 gene is associated with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) for the Egyptian population, a multi-ethnic group.  We determined if expression of the C-819T SNP correlated with onset of T1D for Egyptian children and the prevalence of this polymorphism with respect to gender. Methods: The association of the C-819T SNP in intron 1 of the CTLA-4 gene with T1D was investigated in 396 Egyptian pa­tients ≤ 14 years old and 396 control subjects >24 years old, with a similar ratio of males to females in both groups.  The di­agnosis of T1D was made based on ketoacidosis or ketosis with severe symptoms of acute onset at presentation and con­tinuous dependence on insulin. Controls were negative for anti-GAD antibodies and were greater than 24 years of age.  Geno­typ­ing was performed using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), temperature gradient gel elec­trophoresis (TGGE), polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and reverse dot blot (RDB). Results: The results demonstrated an association of the C-819T SNP in the CTLA-4 gene with T1D patients (P= 0.0096).  This association was more pronounced in children ≤5 years of age (P= 0.0178) than in children 6-14 years of age (P= 0.0437).  More­over, this association was stratified by gender and age to female patients with age at onset 0-5 years old (P= 0.0186) more than male patient with the age at onset 0-5 years old (P= 0.3120). Conclusion: The results support an association of the C-819T SNP in the CTLA-4 gene with Egyptian children, specifi­cally, females of onset age 0-5 years old. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3150 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3150/2949

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 64 71 S Canbaz A Tevfik Sunter Y Peksen MA Canbaz 2015 10 03 Background: The Internet addiction, also described as pathological Internet use (PIU), is conceptualized by an individual's in­ability to control his or her use of the Internet, which eventually causes marked distress and/or functional impairment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of the PIU among adolescence, in relation to different Internet ac­tivities, and to excessive use of the Internet in Samsun, Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 1 and 31, 2005 in Samsun, Turkey. In total, 1315 high school students (760 male, 555 female; mean age, 15.2±1.1 years) were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire and Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) was applied to the participants. Results: Although only 506 (38.5%) of the participants have a computer at their home, total 1054 (80.2%) used a computer at home or public, such as an internet cafe. Eight hundred and ten (76.9%) of the participants, used a computer, to access to the Internet. Of the internet users, 10(1.2%), 161 (19.9%) and 639 (78.9%) were Internet addicts (IAs), possible Internet ad­dicts (PAs), and nonaddicts (NAs), respectively. It is found that males were more likely than females to be pathological us­ers in this study (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Our results still demonstrate that the Internet plays an important role in the lives of Turkish adolescents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3151 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3151/2950

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 72 76 S Ganesh Kumar HN Harsha Kumar Rao Ramakrishna S Jayarama MS Kotian 2015 10 03 Background: Tuberculosis remains a worldwide public health problem and India accounts for highest TB burden in the world. The aim of the study was to evaluate the trend and treatment outcome of tuberculosis (TB) cases treated under DOTS strat­egy at a district level in Karnataka, India. Methods: This was a Retrospective record based study conducted in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka, during Janu­ary 2007 to April 2007. Patients registered for treatment in the entire district since its inception in 2003 to 2006 were con­sid­ered for analysis. Results: Totally, 7620 patients were treated under DOTS strategy. Of these, 3308 cases (43%) were found to be new spu­tum smear positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). The case notification rate has increased from 55% in 2003 to 85% in 2005.  The incidence of new sputum positive TB cases were maximum among productive age group (15-44 years) and was signifi­cant (χ2= 150.08, P=< 0.001). Males constituted 70% of the total new sputum positive TB cases and the difference seen in males and females was also statistically significant (χ2= 551.254, P< 0.001). Defaulter cases have been increasing among new smear positive cases and this was statistically significant (χ2=4.9, P= 0.03). Conclusion: The cure rate is declining along with the increasing default rate among new smear positive cases over a period. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3152 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3152/2951

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 77 82 A Rahmani E Merghati Khoei L Alah Gholi 2015 10 03 Background: Marital satisfaction is affected by many factors. Satisfaction with one's sexual life tends to be a pivotal factor in marital satisfaction. In Iran, Socio-cultural and political limitations are obstacles for sexuality-related studies, therefore, in­sufficient information is available in the area. Unique in its own, in this paper we report how sexual relationships relate to mari­tal satisfaction among Iranians. Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was conducted in 2007 in Tehran, continuous sampling was used to recruit 292 mar­ried men, and women aged 19-58 yr from selected hospitals in Tehran while visiting their hospitalized relatives. Some­times the participants were couple too. Three questionnaires were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using de­scriptive and inferential statistics (x2، Fisher and Anova) with SPSS. Results: Marital satisfaction significantly relates to sexual satisfaction (P= 0/00). There was also a significant relation be­tween sexual satisfaction and the following variables: age difference of couples (P= 0.04), length of marital life (P= 0.05), and a drug abused participant (P= 0.007). Of these variables, only the age difference of couples significantly relates to mari­tal satisfaction (0.00). Conclusion: Findings suggest that sexual satisfaction plays a seminal role in marital satisfaction of Iranians. Therefore, we need to develop culturally appropriate practical strategies to improve Iranian couples' awareness in sexuality issues as well as training them in communication skills through their sexual encounters. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3153 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3153/2952

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 83 90 R Heshmat B Azemati AA Keshtkar F Salehi Z Abdollahi F Kolahdouz H PourAram F Farivar M Bagheri R Sheykh-ol-Eslam A Nadim 2015 10 03 Background: Lack of nutritional knowledge is one of the most important reasons of nutritional problems and consequently im­proper practice, which can lead to several complications. This study has been designed in order to compare knowledge, at­ti­tude and practices of the urban and rural households regarding iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Boushehr, Golestan and Sis­tan & Balouchestan provinces in 2004. Methods: The sampling method at household's level in each province was the single-stage cluster sampling with equal size clus­ters. The necessary data were gathered with a structured questionnaire and via the interviews between the questioners and the eligible people in each household. Comparison of frequency of variables between urban and rural areas were tested by chi square test. Results: A total of 2306 households were selected as overall sample size. In urban areas, people recognized iron food sources better than rural areas. Knowledge level of respondents about vulnerable group for IDA and the favorite attitude of house­holds toward IDA were better in urban areas of Sistan & Blouchestan and Golestan provinces. In Sistan & Ba­louchestan and Golestan, rural households who drank tea immediately before or after meal was more than urban ones. The ma­jor­ity of preg­nant and lactating mothers (except for rural areas of Bushehr) did not take iron supplement regularly. Less than 60 percent of children used iron drop regularly. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude, and practice levels of households toward IDA were not acceptable. One of the best ways of improving nutritional practice is nutritional education with focus on applying available food resources. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3154 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3154/2953

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 91 96 A Moghimbeigi MR Eshraghian K Mohammad K Nourijelyani M Husseini 2015 10 03 Background: The present study was conducted to know about the association between amount of smoking and mental health plus demographic factors in the Iranian adolescents. Methods: Data of this research was drawn from the National Health Survey in Iran from April 1999-March 2000. All 1745 ado­lescents aged 15-20 yr that were residence in the eight northwest provinces of Iran, were included in this study. In order to evident zero-inflation and because of sampling design, multilevel zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression applied for analy­sis of data. We analyzed data with programs written with s-plus. Results: Zero-inflated part of ZIP model shows that gender of female effects to increase the chance of "not to smoke ciga­rette at all" (P< 0.001) and older adolescents are less at risk of smoking than younger (P= 0.036). It also shows that, unem­ployed (P= 0.028) and Housewife (P= 0. 003), adolescents are more at risk of smoking compare with student adolescents. Un­der Poisson part of this model, depression (P= 0.012) and gender of female (P< 0.001) are indirectly associated with num­ber of cigarette smoked per day by adolescents. Conclusion: Among adolescent smokers, males smoke more number of cigarettes than females, younger teenager are more at risk of being a smoker than older ones and dropping out of high school is an important risk factor for smoking. We did not find any relation between mental disorders and being a smoker while we did for the relation between Number of Smoked Cigarette (NSC) and depression. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3155 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3155/2954

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 97 102 K Karami M Najafian P Shahri S Faizi Z Noorifard 2015 10 03 Background: We investigated the rate of vaginal childbirth and Cesarean and its causes in maternity wards of Imam Khomeini Educational Hospital in Ahwaz the capital city of Khuzestan Province and Al- Hadi Hospital in Shoostar as a traditional city. Methods: In this comparative descriptive study data were obtained from medical records of birth deliveries in six months (March to September) in year 2007. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The results show a total rate of 29% Cesarean and 71% vaginal childbirth in hospitals. The rate of Cesarean in Imam and Al -Hadi Hospitals was 23% and 33%, respectively. The main cause of Cesarean in Imam and Al-Hadi Hospitals was failure of labor progression (35% and 33%, respectively). Most Cesarean s were occurred in an age range of 20-25 yr. Conclusion: Comparing with international acceptable rate (20-22%), Cesarean rate in both hospitals was high. It seems spe­cial attention should be made by persons, committees or organizations in charge of community health to child birth practices in both hospitals. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3156 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3156/2955

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 103 110 S Shegefti H Sereshti S Samadi 2015 10 03 Background: A new microextraction method named dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for determination of chloroform in pool water and blood of swimmers after swimming is described. Methods: This method was performed based on coupling dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with gas chromatog­raphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methanol and trichloroethylenes were used as the disperser solvent and the extrac­tion solvents, respectively. The volumes of these solvents were optimized for pool water by central composite design. The study involved three indoor swimming pools and nine swimmers. Results: Chloroform concentration of pool water was 118-135 µg L-1 and of blood ranged from 1.26 to 1.66 µg L-1. Conclusion: Indoor swimming pools are closed environments presenting detectable levels of trihalomethanes (THMs). Chloro­form (CHCl3) is the most represented THMs. Therefore, the presence of CHCl3 may be considered representative of the THMs. The new method DLLME was applied for determination of CHCl3 in pool water and blood of swimmers after swim­ming inside the indoor swimming pool. The method was optimized by experimental design. Chloroform concentra­tions in the specified pool waters were 135, 124, 118 µg L-1. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3157 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3157/2956

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 2015 02 15 279 81 Anahita Sanaei Dashti Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Amir Nasimfar Pediatric Department, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Alireza Showraki School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Bita Gerami-Zadeh Pathology Department, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Human fasciolosis is deemed as an emerging/re-emerging infection, hence making it an important human parasitic disease. In contrast to northern parts of Iran, human cases of fasciolosis in southern Iran are rare and sporadic. We report a sporadic case of fasciolosis in southern Iran (Fars Province) who presented with prolonged fever. Our report could suggest that there might be new foci emerging in the region, which indicates the need for further investigations. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3674 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3674/3348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 282 4 Jiana Shi Dept. of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China AND Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Xiaojun Wang Dept. of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. Yin Ying Dept. of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. Lin Xu Dept. of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. Danyan Zhu Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. 2015 10 14 Mirtazapine is a new antidepressant that can increase noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. It is also a postsynaptic antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3. In addition, it has only a weak affinity for 5-HT1 receptors and has very weak muscarinic anticholinergic and histamine (H1) antagonist properties. We report a case of hypertensive urgency that ensued after a patient took a single low dose of mirtazapine. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3672 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3672/3346

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 285 6 Dharma Nand Bhatta Dept. of Public Health, Pokhara University, Nobel College, Nepal, Faculty of Medicine, Epidemiology Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3670 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3670/3344

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 287 9 Wen-Jen Chang Dept. of Information Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Yen-Hsiang Chang Dept. of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Hsu-Chuan Hsiao Dept. of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3668 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3668/3342

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 290 1 Mohammad Ashori Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Gholamali Afrooz Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Aliakbar Arjmandnia Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Masoume Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bagher Ghobri-Bonab Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3665 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3665/3340

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 292 4 Maryam Baradaran Binazir Medical Education Research Center, Educational Development Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Mahasti Alizadeh Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Hossein Jabbari Bayrami Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Ramin Azhough Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Reza Movassaghi Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Parisa Nikasa Dept. of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10