Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 4 2014 04 15 391 405 Sze Loon CHOW Anselm Su TING Tin Tin SU 2016 01 03 2016 01 03 This systematic review was conducted to develop a conceptual framework that addresses various factors associated with return to work among cancer survivors. Databases Medline, EMBASE, ProQuest, PubMed and ScienceDirect were systematically searched using medical subject headings [MeSH] for studies published in English from 1990 to 2013. Studies that described adult cancer patients’ self-reported data or patients’ point of view on factors associated with return to work or employment status following cancer diagnosis were included. Articles selection was conducted in three steps: selection based on title and abstract, retrieval of full text and additions of articles from reference lists and recommendations from experts. Disagreement in data extraction was solved by consultation of third reviewer. Out of twenty seven articles, breast cancer was the most studied type of cancer (30%) while colorectal cancer was studied independently in two articles (7.4%). Conceptual framework on return to work identifies factors under environmental, personal, work demand, work ability, health status and financial factors. Extensive search of scientific databases over last 24 years and the development of the conceptual framework are the strength of this review. Conceptual framework reveals the various factors including non-medical factors associated with return to work upon cancer diagnosis. It serves as a reminder to the policy makers to focus on modifiable factors as potential areas for intervention to assist cancer survivors return to work, especially those with little financial assistance and health insurance.    https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5665 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5665/4569

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 4 2014 04 15 406 15 Daniel Badulescu Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Oradea , Oradea, Romania. Alina Badulescu Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Oradea , Oradea, Romania. 2015 10 15 Nowadays, medical tourism reports impressive growth in terms of number of persons, income and number of countries involved in cross-border flows. So this study was undertaken to clarify entrepreneurship opportunities and bio-ethics boundaries in medical tourism. For tourism entrepreneurs, these outgoing flows related to medical procedures and tourism become an opportunity that cannot be ignored, so a wide range of tourist services related to health care are provided on a private, entrepreneurial basis. However, social and economic boundaries are omnipresent (impaired health services in receiving (incoming) countries, the crisis of the health care systems in emitting (outgoing) countries, over-consumption of medical and tourism services), and, not least, ethical considerations. Transforming medical care in a market tool, reducing human attributes to the status of commodity that can be bought, sold or negotiated, seriously challenges contemporary bioethics principles. It is a significant entering in the area (which is essentially un-ethic) of market transactions, where libertarianism and consumer-oriented attitudes dominates the spectrum of rational choice. So tourism comes to provide an organized and comfortable framework for all these choices, but many issues still re-main controversial and may worsen if national health systems and national and international regulations would not identify their problems and would continue to leave medical tourism to market mechanisms. Market will efficiently allocate the resources, but not always in an ethical manner. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4116 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4116/3774

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 4 2014 04 15 416 22 Xiangyu Chen Dept. of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China. Qiaoqiao DU Dept. of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China. Zongda Jin Dept. of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China. Tian Xu Dept. of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China. Jiachen Shi Dept. of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China. Ge Gao Dept. of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China. 2015 10 15 Traditional survey methods may cause refusals to respond or untruthful replies when encounter the sensitive questions. The Randomized Response Technique (RRT) is designed to decrease social desirability bias and obtain reliable estimates. This study aimed to apply these new methods on the sensitive questions survey.Simmons model was applied in the survey of issues relevant to commercial sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China. Stratified two-stage sampling and stratified random sampling were applied.During July to December 2010 in Beijing, the commercial sex proportion among MSM was 0.051(95% CI: 0.017, 0.085), its estimated variance was 3.01×10(-4). The last male condom use rate during commercial sex was 0.778(95% CI: 0.746, 0.810), its estimated variance was 2.6×10(-4).We have introduced new approaches for the sensitive question survey among MSM. The new approaches are proved to be reliable and valid. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4114 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4114/3772

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 4 2014 04 15 423 31 Fethi Ben Abdallah 1. Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-ressources. Higher Institute of Biotechnology , Monastir, Tunisia . ; 2. Fermentation Unit, Pasteur Institute , Tunisia. Rihab Lagha 3. Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environment polluants and Product. Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir , Tunisia. Khaled Said 1. Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-ressources. Higher Institute of Biotechnology , Monastir, Tunisia . Héla Kallel 2. Fermentation Unit, Pasteur Institute , Tunisia. Jawhar Gharbi 4. Sequencing and Genomic Analysis Unit. Higher Institute of Biotechnology , Monastir, Tunisia. 2015 10 15 The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of 15 serotypes of Salmonella to form biofilm on polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and glass surfaces. .Initially slime production was assessed on CRA agar and hydrophobicity of 20 Salmonella strains isolated from poultry and human and two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium references strains was achieved by microbial adhesion to n-hexadecane. In addition, biofilm formation on polystyrene, PVC and glass surfaces was also investigated by using MTT and XTT colorimetric assay. Further, distribution of Salmonella enterotoxin (stn), Salmonella Enteritidis fimbrial (sef) and plasmid encoded fimbrial (pef) genes among tested strains was achieved by PCR.Salmonella strains developed red and white colonies on CRA and they are considered as hydrophilic with affinity values to n-hexadecane ranged between 0.29% and 29.55%. Quantitative biofilm assays showed that bacteria are able to form biofilm on polystyrene with different degrees and 54.54% of strains produce a strong biofilm on glass. In addition, all the strains form only a moderate (54.54%) and weak (40.91%) biofilm on PVC. PCR detection showed that only S. Enteritidis harbour Sef gene, whereas Pef and stn genes were detected in S. Kentucky, S. Amsterdam, S. Hadar, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium.Salmonella serotypes are able to form biofilm on hydrophobic and hydrophilic industrial surfaces. Biofilm formation of Salmonella on these surfaces has an increased potential to compromise food safety and potentiate public health risk. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4112 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4112/3770

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 4 2014 04 15 432 40 Hui Zhou 1. School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , SuZhou, China ; 2. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Suzhou Industry Park , SuZhou, China. Chen Yang 3. Center for Disease Control of Xiangcheng District in Suzhou City, Suzhou , Jiangsu, China. Chen Dong 1. School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , SuZhou, China. Zhirong Guo 1. School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , SuZhou, China. Xiaoshu Hu 4. Health Bureau of JiangSu Province , NanJing, China. Yong Xu 1. School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , SuZhou, China. Zhengyuan Zhou 5. Changshu Center for Disease Control and Prevention , ChangShu, China. 2015 10 15 The aim was to compare the predictive power for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using dynamic change (Difference) of metabolic syndrome (MS), Difference of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), baseline MS and FPG in cohort study.Overall, 3461 subjects were recruited from Prevention of Multiple Metabolic disorders and MS in Jiangsu of China Study with 3.8 years follow-up. Cox proportional-hazards regression and receiver operating characteristic were used to evaluate the predictive power for T2DM using Difference MS, Difference of FPG, baseline MS and FPG.Adjusted relative risk (aRR 5.24, 95% CI 4.28-6.42) of Difference of FPG to T2DM was highest than other. Difference of FPG owns the largest AUC (0.89, P<0.05), the highest sensitivity (96.25%) and specificity (80.49%) demonstrating that Difference of FPG can provide strongest predictive information to T2DM, Difference of MS comes second. Between FPG related tools, sensitivity of Difference of FPG almost was twice than baseline FPG(96.25% vs. 54.38%) suggesting that using baseline FPG would missed found 46% T2DM patients. Among MS related indicators, sensitivity of Difference of MS almost was twice than baseline MS (sensitivity 66.25% vs. 39.38%) suggesting that using baseline would missed found 61% T2DM patients.Dynamic change of FPG had the highest predictive power for T2DM in Chinese than Dynamic Change of MS, baseline MS and FPG. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4110 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4110/3768

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 4 2014 04 15 441 52 Ruqaiya Hussain Human Genetics and Toxicology Tab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ahsana Shah Human Genetics and Toxicology Tab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Mohammad Afzal Human Genetics and Toxicology Tab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2015 10 15 The ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), a bitter organic compound, described as a bimodal autosomal trait is widely used to know the heritable trait in both genetic and anthropological studies. The present study was carried out to analyze the prevalence of PTC taste sensitivity and to determine the gene frequencies among some Muslim populations of Uttar Pradesh, India. This study has some physiological relevance to highlight the adaptability of endogamous groups to behavioral traits in the same place.Unrelated, healthy individuals of both sexes (Male-403, Female-418) belonging to different populations of Uttar Pradesh, India were randomly selected with the age range of 16-45 years observed for phenylthiocarbamide to taste sensitivity. PTC tasting ability was measured by using a serial dilution method of Harris and Kalmus.The phenotypic frequency of tasters was higher as compared to non-tasters, and the same is statistically significant (χ(2)= 11.92, df = 5, P = 0.036). There were more females among tasters (67.94%) than males (64.76%). This observation was statistically significant (χ(2) = 14.79, df = 5, P = 0.011).The frequency of PTC tasters is greater than non-tasters and the females have lower non-taster pheno-types as compared to males. This type of study will provide background information about genetic structure of population and serves as useful interaction of genetics, food preferences and dietary patterns. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4108 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4108/3766

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 4 2014 04 15 453 9 Farhad Babaei 1. Dept. of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Seyed Ali Ahmadi 2. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Ramin Abiri 3. Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran. Farhad Rezaei 1. Dept. of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Maryam Naseri 1. Dept. of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Mahmoud Mahmoudi 4. Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Rakhshande Nategh 1. Dept. of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Talat Mokhtari Azad 1. Dept. of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 The TP53 gene is one of the most frequently mutated genes amongst human malignancies, particularly TP53 codon 72 polymorphism. Furthermore, an association between the TP53 codon 72 variants and prostate cancer has been reported in several studies. Although some studies have indicated an associa Mahmoud Djalali Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fariba Koohdani Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Eshraghian Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Somayeh Saboori Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahnaz Zarei Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in diabetes type 2 and this vitamin may be related to insulin action. This randomized controlled trial study was done to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose control and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes type 2.Participants of this randomized clinical trial study consisted of 28 patients with type 2 diabetes who received 100 microgram (4000 IU) vitamin D and 30 diabetic patients who received placebo for 2 months between September 2012 and February 2013. The effect of vitamin D on glucose control was assessed by measuring HbA1c and insulin resistance as HOMA-IR at the baseline and the end of the intervention.The results showed a significant decrease in HbA1c (from 7.29 ± 0.22 % to 6.76 ± 0.18 %, P<0.001) and insulin concentration (from 8.24 ± 0.97 μIU/mL to 6.55 ± 0.28 μIU/mL, P=0.048), but a non-significant decrease in HOMA-IR in vitamin D group. Also, HDL-C level increased significantly in both of vitamin D (P=0.046) and placebo groups (P=0.028).It seems that vitamin D supplementation has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and can increases insulin sensitivity in diabetic 2 patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3760 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3760/3423

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1657 63 Reza Ranjbar Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Davoud Afshar Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Mehrabi Tavana Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Najafi Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Pourali Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Safiri Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rahim Sorouri Zanjani Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nematollah Jonaidi Jafari Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Shigella species are among the common causes of bacterial diarrhoeal diseases. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming resulting in delay in treatment and control of Shigella infections thus there is a need to develop molecular methods for rapid and simultaneous detection of Shigella spp. In this study a rapid multiplex PCR were developed for simultaneous detection of three pathogenic Shigella species.For detection of Shigella spp., a pair of primers was used to replicate a chromosomal sequence. Three other sets of primers were also designed to amplify the target genes of three most common species of Shigella in Iran including S. sonnei, S. flexneri and S. boydii. The multiplex PCR assay was optimized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of three pathogenic Shigella species. The assay specificity was investigated by testing different strains of Shigella and other additional strains belonging to non Shigella species, but responsible for foodborne diseases.The Shigella genus specific PCR yielded the expected DNA band of 159 bp in all tested strains belonging to four Shigella species. The standard and multiplex PCR assays also produced the expected fragments of 248 bp, 503 bp, and 314 bp, for S. boydii, S. sonnei and S. flexneri, respectively. Each species-specific primer pair did not show any cross-reactivity.Both standard and multiplex PCR protocols had a good specificity. They can provide a valuable tool for the rapid and simultaneous detection and differentiation of three most prevalent Shigella species in Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3759 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3759/3422

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1664 8 Hossein Faraji School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Mohammadi Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. Behrouz Akbari-Adergani Water Safety Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Naimeh Vakili Saatloo School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Lashkarboloki Health Care Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Bandar Gaz, Iran. Amir Hossein Mahvi School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Fluoride is an essential element for human health. However, excess fluoride in drinking water may cause dental and/or skeletal fluorosis. Drinking water is the main route of fluoride intake. The aim of the present study was to measure fluoride levels in human breast milk collected from two regions of Golestan Province, northern Iran with different amount of fluoride concentration of drinking water in Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities and to correlate it with fluoride concentrations in drinking water used by mothers living in these two areas.Twenty samples of water were collected from seven drinking water wells during 2012 from Bandar Gaz and Nokande in Iran during 2012. Fluoride concentration of water samples was measured using SPADNS method. Sixty breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers of Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities. Content in breast milk was determined using standard F ion-selective electrode. Spearman's rho correlation analysis was used to assess any possible relationship between fluoride levels in breast milk and in drinking water.The means and standard deviation for F concentration in breast milk and drinking water were 0.002188±0.00026224 ppm and 0.5850±0.22542 ppm, respectively. Analysis of data showed that the variables were not normally distributed so the Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables calculated (ρ S = 0.65) and it was significant (P=0.002).Fluoride concentration in water can directly act on its concentration in breast milk. We speculate that modifying F concentration in water can affect accessibility of fluoride for infants. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3758 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3758/3421

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1669 79 Roghieh Kharaghani Dept. of Reproductive Health, Student Research Committee, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. Mohammad Shariati Dept. of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Masud Yunesian Institute for Environmental Research, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Afsaneh Keramat Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. Alireza Moghisi Program Assessment and Burden of Disease in Health Network System, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 A surveillance system helps to detect epidemics and the pattern of the incidence of the problems in the community and is important for evidence based decision making. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in Iran.PRAMS feasibility was assessed in a cross-sectional study in the city of Shahriar, located in the west of Tehran in 2013. In this study, 811 women within 2 to 6 months postpartum who had a live or still birth were selected from thyroid screening forms and hospital records through a systematic simple random sampling method. Trained interviewers collected the data via calling mothers from health centers or through home visits. The outcome was tested on the "TELOS" model including technical, economic, legal, operational and schedule feasibility components.Thirty-seven health volunteers collected the data in this study. Many prevalence estimates were comparable with national and Tehran data (technical feasibility). A home based completed questionnaire cost 2.45 and a phone cost 1.89 USD (economic feasibility). The project was consistent with legal requirements (legal feasibility). The participation rate was 92.8% (95%CI: 92.7-95.3) for home visits and 90.9% (95% CI: 87.3-93.6) for the phonemethod. Over 80% of different sections of the questionnaire were completed (operational feasibility). All data collection processes took 35 days (schedule feasibility).The adapted PRAMS could be considered feasible in Iran. Its widespread and periodic implementation can provide valuable maternal and child health information in the country. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3757 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3757/3420

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1680 7 S Jalal Pourhashemi Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Ghandehari Motlagh Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ghasem Meighani Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azadeh Ebrahimi Takaloo Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahsa Mansouri Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Mohandes Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Mirzaii Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ahad Khoshzaban Dept. Bio Dental Materials, Dental Faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Faranak Moshtaghi Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hoda Abedkhojasteh Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mansour Heidari Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Dept. of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a disorder of tooth development where there is an abnormal formation of enamel or the external layer of teeth. The aim of this study was to screen mutations in the four most important candidate genes, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20 and FAM83H responsible for amelogenesis imperfect.Geneomic DNA was isolated from five Iranian families with 22 members affected with enamel malformations. The PCR amplifications were typically carried out for amplification the coding regions for AI patients and unaffected family members. The PCR products were subjected to direct sequencing. The pedigree analysis was performed using Cyrillic software.One family had four affected members with autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHPCAI); pedigree analysis revealed four consanguineous families with 18 patients with autosomal recessive hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (ARHPAI). One non-synonymous single-nucleotide substitution, c.1150T>A, p. Ser 342Thr was identified in the FAM83H, which resulted in ADHCAI. Furthermore, different polymorphisms or unclassified variants were detected in MMP20, ENAM and KLK4.Our results are consistent with other studies and provide further evidence for pathogenic mutations of FAM83H gene. These findings suggest different loci and genes could be implicated in the pathogenesis of AI. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3756 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3756/3419

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1688 94 Elahe Vahid Dastjerdi Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Abdolazimi Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Marzieh Ghazanfarian Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parisa Amdjadi Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Kamalinejad Dept. of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Arash Mahboubi Dept. of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Use of herbal extracts and essences as natural antibacterial compounds has become increasingly popular for the control of oral infectious diseases. Therefore, finding natural antimicrobial products with the lowest side effects seems necessary. The present study sought to assess the effect of Punica granatum L. water extract on five oral bacteria and bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire.Antibacterial property of P. granatum L. water extract was primarily evaluated in brain heart infusion agar medium using well-plate method. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by macro-dilution method. The inhibitory effect on orthodontic wire bacterial biofilm formation was evaluated using viable cell count in biofilm medium. At the final phase, samples were fixed and analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy.The growth inhibition zone diameter was proportional to the extract concentration. The water extract demonstrated the maximum antibacterial effect on Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.25 mg/ml and maximum bactericidal effect on S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 and S. sobrinus ATCC 27607 with minimum bactericidal concentration of 25 mg/ml. The water extract decreased bacterial biofilm formation by S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, S. mutans ATCC 35608 and E. faecalis CIP 55142 by 93.7-100%, 40.6-99.9%, 85.2-86.5%, 66.4-84.4% and 35.5-56.3% respectively.Punica granatum L. water extract had significant antibacterial properties against 5 oral bacteria and prevented orthodontic wire bacterial biofilm formation. However, further investigations are required to generalize these results to the clinical setting. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3755 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3755/3418

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1695 701 Aigul Shinbolatova Dept. of Population Health and Social Science, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Maksut Kulzhanov Dept. of Population Health and Social Science, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Altyn Aringazina Dept. of Population Health and Social Science, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Ardak Nurbakhyt Dept. of Information Technologies and Evidence Based Medicine, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 2015 10 15 In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State screening program for early detection of Arterial Hypertension (AH) and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) for the target age groups was established in 2008.The results of cross-sectional survey conducted at 8 primary health care facilities of Almaty city and Almaty region of Kazakhstan from September 2012 until May 2013 was used. A multistage sampling approach was used to select patients with diagnosed arterial hypertension between 18 to 64 years of age residing in a city (n=405, 50.6%) or village (n=395, 49.4%). Data collection was done via face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire.Rural residents (62.7%) mainly were "no-screened". These patients get treatment in policlinics only in case of serious health problems. At younger ages of 18 and 39 years, AH is diagnosed less often among rural than among urban residents (P<0.05). In addition, 71% of the rural residents have incomes below the national average, which has a significant impact on their ability to purchase quality medicines and food and to engage in sports; 16.3% of the rural respondents do not follow doctor's prescriptions due to the lack of money to buy medications.The screening for AH and the dissemination of information about screening in rural areas needs a lot of improvement, and that it is necessary to reconsider and improve the public policy for the distribution of free medications. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3754 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3754/3417

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1702 9 Adrián Santana-Ramirez Dept. of Neurosurgery, Hospital Civil Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Felipe Farias-Serratos Dept. of Research, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, León, Guanajuato, México. José Sanchez-Corona Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Jalisco, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), México. Gema Castañeda-Cisneros Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Jalisco, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), México. Nadia M Farias-Serratos Dept. of Surgical Oncology, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad, Cd. Salud Chiapas, México. 2015 10 15 We report an unusual case of hemimegalencephaly (HMG) associated with ipsilateral congenital-infiltrating lipomatosis of the face in a five-month-old boy. Hemimegalencephaly is a rare but unique malformation characterized by enlargement of all or parts of a cerebral hemisphere. The affected hemisphere may have focal or diffuse neuronal migration defects, with areas of polymicrogyria, pachygyria and heterotopia. Our aim was to investigate morphologic abnormalities occurring on the affected hemisphere by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), but some MRI findings were also noted outside of the affected hemicerebrum. There are a few case reports that have described various other abnormalities accompanying this condition, such as enlargement of ipsilateral brainstem, cerebellum and left lateral ventricle. MRI may be the most useful method demonstrating features of hemimegalencephaly with infiltrating lipomatosis of the face. However, studies using electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) can show distinct variants of discharges and brain-perfusion anomalies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3753 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3753/3416

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1710 3 Habib Onsori Dept. of Genetics, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran. Mohammad Rahmati Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Davood Fazli Dept. of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Mutations in the GJB2 gene are the most common known cause of hereditary congenital hearing loss. Rapid genomic DNA extraction (RGDE) method was used for genomic DNA extraction. After amplification of coding region of CX26 gene with specific primers, expected PCR products with 724bp length were subjected to direct sequencing in both directions. We describe here a novel heterozygous -T to -C transition at codon 202 (TGC→CGC) of the GJB2 gene in a patient, 40-year-old Iranian woman, which replaces a cysteine with an arginine residue (C202R). The dominant mutation C202R associated with non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. This mutation has not previously been described in affected or control samples from other populations investigated for GJB2 mutations, indicating that it is a rare substitution. This dominant mutation was recorded in NCBI GenBank with accession number KF 638275. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3752 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3752/3415

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1714 5 Raja Danasekaran Dept. of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Kalaivani Annadurai Dept. of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Geetha Mani Dept. of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3751 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3751/3414

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1716 7 Yi-Lang Chen Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan. Wen-Hui Kuan Dept. of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan. 2015 10 15 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3750 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3750/3413

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