Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 1 2015 01 15 1 11 Habteyes Hailu Tola Health Education & Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Azar Tol Health Education & Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Davoud Shojaeizadeh Health Education & Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Garmaroudi Health Education & Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 This systematic review intended to combine factors associated with tuberculosis treatment non-adherence and lost to follow up among TB patients with/without HIV in developing countries. Comprehensive remote electronic databases (MEDLINE, (PMC, Pub Med Central), Google scholar and Web of science) search was conducted using the following keywords: Tuberculosis, treatment, compliance, adherence, default, behavioural factors and socioeconomic factors. All types of studies intended to assess TB treatment non-adherence and lost to follow up in developing countries among adult TB patient from 2008 to data extraction date were included. Twenty-six original and one-reviewed articles, which meet inclusion criteria, were reviewed. TB treatment non-adherence and lost to follow up were continued across developing countries. The main factors associated with TB treatment non-adherence and lost to follow up were socioeconomic factors: lack of transportation cost, lack of social support, and patients-health care worker poor communication. Behavioural factors were Feeling better after few weeks of treatments, tobacco and alcohol use, knowledge deficit about duration of treatment and consequences of non-adherence and lost to follow up. TB treatment non-adherence and lost to follow up were continued across developing countries throughout the publication years of reviewed articles. Numerous, socioeconomic and behavioural factors were influencing TB treatment adherence and lost to follow up. Therefore, well understanding and minimizing of the effect of these associated factors is very important to enhance treatment adherence and follow up completion in developing countries. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3734 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3734/3407

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 1 2015 01 15 12 21 Mansureh Yazdkhasti Dept. of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University , Tehran, Iran. Abolghasem Pourreza Dept. of Health Management & Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University , Tehran, Iran. Arezoo Pirak Dept. of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University , Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Abdi Dept. of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Unintended pregnancy is among the most troubling public health problems and a major reproductive health issue worldwide imposing appreciable socioeconomic burden on individuals and society. Governments generally plan to control growth of births (especially wanted births as well as orphans and illegitimate births) imposing extra burden on public funding of the governments which inevitably affects economic efficiency and leads to economic slowdown, too. The present narrative review focuses on socioeconomic impacts of unintended pregnancy from the health system perspective. Follow of Computerized searches of Academic, 53 scientific journals were found in various databases including PubMed, EMBASE, ISI, Iranian databases, IPPE, UNFPA (1985-2013). Original articles, review articles, published books about the purpose of the paper were used. During this search, 20 studies were found which met the inclusion criteria. Unintended pregnancy is one of the most critical challenges facing the public health system that imposes substantial financial and social costs on society. On the other hand, affecting fertility indicators, it causes reduced quality of life and workforce efficiency. Therefore lowering the incidence of intended pregnancies correlates with elevating economic growth, socio-economic development and promoting public health. Regarding recent policy changes in Iran on family planning programs and adopting a new approach in increasing population may place the country at a higher risk of increasing the rate of unintended pregnancy. Hence, all governmental plans and initiatives of public policy must be regulated intelligently and logically aiming to make saving in public spending and reduce healthcare cost inflation. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3733 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3733/3406

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 1 2015 01 15 22 7 Tahereh Seghatoleslam Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS) , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AND Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran . Hussain Habil Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS) , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ahmad Hatim Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS) , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Rusdi Rashid Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS) , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Abolfazl Ardakan Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS) , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Farid Esmaeili Motlaq Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS) , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2015 10 14 Religion is one of the protective factors that facilities positive outcomes by preventing individuals from engaging in addictive substance. A recent study has confirmed that religion inhibits drug addiction. The concept of psychospiritual therapy was to introduce drug addiction. Therefore, of the various methods of psychotherapy, the usage of Taqwa (piety) emerged as an applicable method of Islamic spiritual therapy. This study was conducted in Malaysia as a Muslim country and focuses on Islamic recommendations and its relation to spiritual therapy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3732 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3732/3405

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 1 2015 01 15 28 35 Qing Wang China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University , Peking, China. 2015 10 14 Background: The aim of the study was to estimate the short-run and long-run effects of unemployment rate on health outcomes of Chinese population, which is under studied before. Methods: The Chinese aggregate data was analyzed (provincial data from 1990-2011). The fixed effect model and infinite distributed lag model (IDL) were applied to analyze the data. It aimed to estimate the short-run and long-run association between unemployment rate and health status of population in China. The mortality was applied as an indicator for health outcomes of entire population. Results: In the short run, when the unemployment rate was decreased by 1%, mortality will be reduced by approximately 4 % (P<0.01). In the long-run, mortality will be increased by 6.8% with increased unemployment rate of 1% (P <0.05). Conclusion: The result in China demonstrated that the unemployment rate was positively associated with mortality. The result also showed that the increased unemployment rate has been harmful to health outcomes of population. It will be significant to reduce the unemployment rate for improving potential public health benefits in developing countries like China. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3731 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3731/3404

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 1 2015 01 15 36 42 Lu Ma Dept. of Maternity and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China. Yanna Zhu Dept. of Maternity and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China. Jincheng Mai Guangzhou Health Care Clinics of Middle and Primary Schools , Guangzhou, China. Jin Jing Dept. of Maternity and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China. Zhaomin Liu Dept. of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Jackey Club of School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong. Yu Jin Dept. of Maternity and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China. Li Guo Dept. of Maternity and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China. Yajun Chen Dept. of Maternity and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China. 2015 10 14 Background: No studies have been reported on children obesity prevalence of Guangzhou, one of the most urbanized areas in China. This study tracks the secular trends of obesity prevalence of children. Methods: The data were derived from the surveys on students’ constitution and health carried out by government. Randomly, 3832 students in 2007, 13141 in 2008, 14052 in 2009, 13750 in 2010, and 15225 in 2011, aged 7-12 years, from urban primary school were examined. Anthropometric parameters were measured in all students. Results: The mean of body mass index increased significantly from 16.6 in 2008 to 16.8 in 2011 in the total group of children, and the total prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 9.4 and 6.2 to 10.5 and 7.5 from 2007 to 2011, respectively. The minimum value of the mean body mass index and the overweight and obesity prevalence in the total age group all appeared in 2008. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in males was significantly higher than that in females in each year among the 5 years. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of children obesity in Guangzhou in 2011 is still lower than the average values of Chinese large coastal cities, a significant increase was found in their prevalence from 2007 to 2011 and the total obesity prevalence of children is even higher than that of adolescent. Furthermore, we found that the minimum value of overweight and obesity prevalence of the total group and almost all gender-specific age groups appeared in 2008. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3730 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3730/3403

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 1 2015 01 15 43 50 Hülya Arslantaş Dept. of Mental Health and Diseases Nursing, Aydin Health College, Adnan Menderes University , Aydin, Turkey. Filiz Adana Dept. of Community Health Nursing, Aydin Health College, Adnan Menderes University , Aydin, Turkey. Filiz Abacigil Ergin Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University , Aydin, Turkey. Derya Kayar Dept. of Mental Health and Diseases Nursing, Aydin Health College, Adnan Menderes University , Aydin, Turkey. Gülçin Acar Dept. of Community Health Nursing, Aydin Health College, Adnan Menderes University , Aydin, Turkey. 2015 10 14 Background: This study examined the factors that affect loneliness of older people and their relationship with quality of life. Methods: Data in this cross-sectional study were collected through survey form, UCLA Loneliness Scale and Quality of Life (QOL) Short Form (SF-36) Scale. The total number of elderly people over the age of 65 yr from whom the study population was chosen was 4,170.The study population was determined as 190 with G-power program by taking impact size 0.362, α=0.05, power (1-β) =0.80 at a confidence level of 95% and a substitute group composing of 10 individuals was added. In total, 83.2% (n=174) of the target population was reached via Multi-Stage Sampling Methods. Results: UCLA Loneliness median score of the participants was 33 (25thp= 27, 75thp= 40). It was found that the existence of chronic diseases and physical handicaps, regular use of medication, lack of hobbies and living with spouse increased loneliness (P<0.05). A negative relationship was identified between all sub-scales in the QOL scale and loneliness. Conclusion: Loneliness negatively affects QOL in old age and that the existence of chronic health problems and lack of hobbies are strong predictors for loneliness. Elderly people living alone must be evaluated as a high-risk group and thus policy makers and health personnel should be aware of the factors that can affect loneliness. In order to increase life quality of the aged population and psychological well-being of the elderly, social support systems must be taken  into account and the elderly should be encouraged to participate in social activities. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3729 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3729/3402

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 1 2015 01 15 51 9 Shuqing Zhao Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention,Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shijiazhuang, China AND Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China. Zhongjie Li Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China. Sheng Zhou Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China. Canjun Zheng Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China. Huilai Ma Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China. 2015 10 14 Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains an importan Mahmoud Djalali Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fariba Koohdani Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Eshraghian Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Somayeh Saboori Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahnaz Zarei Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences And Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in diabetes type 2 and this vitamin may be related to insulin action. This randomized controlled trial study was done to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose control and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes type 2.Participants of this randomized clinical trial study consisted of 28 patients with type 2 diabetes who received 100 microgram (4000 IU) vitamin D and 30 diabetic patients who received placebo for 2 months between September 2012 and February 2013. The effect of vitamin D on glucose control was assessed by measuring HbA1c and insulin resistance as HOMA-IR at the baseline and the end of the intervention.The results showed a significant decrease in HbA1c (from 7.29 ± 0.22 % to 6.76 ± 0.18 %, P<0.001) and insulin concentration (from 8.24 ± 0.97 μIU/mL to 6.55 ± 0.28 μIU/mL, P=0.048), but a non-significant decrease in HOMA-IR in vitamin D group. Also, HDL-C level increased significantly in both of vitamin D (P=0.046) and placebo groups (P=0.028).It seems that vitamin D supplementation has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and can increases insulin sensitivity in diabetic 2 patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3760 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3760/3423

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1657 63 Reza Ranjbar Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Davoud Afshar Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Mehrabi Tavana Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Najafi Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Pourali Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Safiri Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rahim Sorouri Zanjani Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nematollah Jonaidi Jafari Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Shigella species are among the common causes of bacterial diarrhoeal diseases. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming resulting in delay in treatment and control of Shigella infections thus there is a need to develop molecular methods for rapid and simultaneous detection of Shigella spp. In this study a rapid multiplex PCR were developed for simultaneous detection of three pathogenic Shigella species.For detection of Shigella spp., a pair of primers was used to replicate a chromosomal sequence. Three other sets of primers were also designed to amplify the target genes of three most common species of Shigella in Iran including S. sonnei, S. flexneri and S. boydii. The multiplex PCR assay was optimized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of three pathogenic Shigella species. The assay specificity was investigated by testing different strains of Shigella and other additional strains belonging to non Shigella species, but responsible for foodborne diseases.The Shigella genus specific PCR yielded the expected DNA band of 159 bp in all tested strains belonging to four Shigella species. The standard and multiplex PCR assays also produced the expected fragments of 248 bp, 503 bp, and 314 bp, for S. boydii, S. sonnei and S. flexneri, respectively. Each species-specific primer pair did not show any cross-reactivity.Both standard and multiplex PCR protocols had a good specificity. They can provide a valuable tool for the rapid and simultaneous detection and differentiation of three most prevalent Shigella species in Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3759 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3759/3422

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1664 8 Hossein Faraji School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Mohammadi Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. Behrouz Akbari-Adergani Water Safety Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Naimeh Vakili Saatloo School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Lashkarboloki Health Care Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Bandar Gaz, Iran. Amir Hossein Mahvi School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Fluoride is an essential element for human health. However, excess fluoride in drinking water may cause dental and/or skeletal fluorosis. Drinking water is the main route of fluoride intake. The aim of the present study was to measure fluoride levels in human breast milk collected from two regions of Golestan Province, northern Iran with different amount of fluoride concentration of drinking water in Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities and to correlate it with fluoride concentrations in drinking water used by mothers living in these two areas.Twenty samples of water were collected from seven drinking water wells during 2012 from Bandar Gaz and Nokande in Iran during 2012. Fluoride concentration of water samples was measured using SPADNS method. Sixty breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers of Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities. Content in breast milk was determined using standard F ion-selective electrode. Spearman's rho correlation analysis was used to assess any possible relationship between fluoride levels in breast milk and in drinking water.The means and standard deviation for F concentration in breast milk and drinking water were 0.002188±0.00026224 ppm and 0.5850±0.22542 ppm, respectively. Analysis of data showed that the variables were not normally distributed so the Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables calculated (ρ S = 0.65) and it was significant (P=0.002).Fluoride concentration in water can directly act on its concentration in breast milk. We speculate that modifying F concentration in water can affect accessibility of fluoride for infants. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3758 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3758/3421

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1669 79 Roghieh Kharaghani Dept. of Reproductive Health, Student Research Committee, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. Mohammad Shariati Dept. of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Masud Yunesian Institute for Environmental Research, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Afsaneh Keramat Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. Alireza Moghisi Program Assessment and Burden of Disease in Health Network System, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 A surveillance system helps to detect epidemics and the pattern of the incidence of the problems in the community and is important for evidence based decision making. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in Iran.PRAMS feasibility was assessed in a cross-sectional study in the city of Shahriar, located in the west of Tehran in 2013. In this study, 811 women within 2 to 6 months postpartum who had a live or still birth were selected from thyroid screening forms and hospital records through a systematic simple random sampling method. Trained interviewers collected the data via calling mothers from health centers or through home visits. The outcome was tested on the "TELOS" model including technical, economic, legal, operational and schedule feasibility components.Thirty-seven health volunteers collected the data in this study. Many prevalence estimates were comparable with national and Tehran data (technical feasibility). A home based completed questionnaire cost 2.45 and a phone cost 1.89 USD (economic feasibility). The project was consistent with legal requirements (legal feasibility). The participation rate was 92.8% (95%CI: 92.7-95.3) for home visits and 90.9% (95% CI: 87.3-93.6) for the phonemethod. Over 80% of different sections of the questionnaire were completed (operational feasibility). All data collection processes took 35 days (schedule feasibility).The adapted PRAMS could be considered feasible in Iran. Its widespread and periodic implementation can provide valuable maternal and child health information in the country. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3757 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3757/3420

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1680 7 S Jalal Pourhashemi Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Ghandehari Motlagh Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ghasem Meighani Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azadeh Ebrahimi Takaloo Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahsa Mansouri Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Mohandes Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Mirzaii Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ahad Khoshzaban Dept. Bio Dental Materials, Dental Faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Faranak Moshtaghi Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hoda Abedkhojasteh Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mansour Heidari Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Dept. of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a disorder of tooth development where there is an abnormal formation of enamel or the external layer of teeth. The aim of this study was to screen mutations in the four most important candidate genes, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20 and FAM83H responsible for amelogenesis imperfect.Geneomic DNA was isolated from five Iranian families with 22 members affected with enamel malformations. The PCR amplifications were typically carried out for amplification the coding regions for AI patients and unaffected family members. The PCR products were subjected to direct sequencing. The pedigree analysis was performed using Cyrillic software.One family had four affected members with autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHPCAI); pedigree analysis revealed four consanguineous families with 18 patients with autosomal recessive hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (ARHPAI). One non-synonymous single-nucleotide substitution, c.1150T>A, p. Ser 342Thr was identified in the FAM83H, which resulted in ADHCAI. Furthermore, different polymorphisms or unclassified variants were detected in MMP20, ENAM and KLK4.Our results are consistent with other studies and provide further evidence for pathogenic mutations of FAM83H gene. These findings suggest different loci and genes could be implicated in the pathogenesis of AI. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3756 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3756/3419

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1688 94 Elahe Vahid Dastjerdi Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Abdolazimi Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Marzieh Ghazanfarian Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parisa Amdjadi Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Kamalinejad Dept. of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Arash Mahboubi Dept. of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Use of herbal extracts and essences as natural antibacterial compounds has become increasingly popular for the control of oral infectious diseases. Therefore, finding natural antimicrobial products with the lowest side effects seems necessary. The present study sought to assess the effect of Punica granatum L. water extract on five oral bacteria and bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire.Antibacterial property of P. granatum L. water extract was primarily evaluated in brain heart infusion agar medium using well-plate method. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by macro-dilution method. The inhibitory effect on orthodontic wire bacterial biofilm formation was evaluated using viable cell count in biofilm medium. At the final phase, samples were fixed and analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy.The growth inhibition zone diameter was proportional to the extract concentration. The water extract demonstrated the maximum antibacterial effect on Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.25 mg/ml and maximum bactericidal effect on S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 and S. sobrinus ATCC 27607 with minimum bactericidal concentration of 25 mg/ml. The water extract decreased bacterial biofilm formation by S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, S. mutans ATCC 35608 and E. faecalis CIP 55142 by 93.7-100%, 40.6-99.9%, 85.2-86.5%, 66.4-84.4% and 35.5-56.3% respectively.Punica granatum L. water extract had significant antibacterial properties against 5 oral bacteria and prevented orthodontic wire bacterial biofilm formation. However, further investigations are required to generalize these results to the clinical setting. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3755 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3755/3418

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1695 701 Aigul Shinbolatova Dept. of Population Health and Social Science, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Maksut Kulzhanov Dept. of Population Health and Social Science, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Altyn Aringazina Dept. of Population Health and Social Science, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Ardak Nurbakhyt Dept. of Information Technologies and Evidence Based Medicine, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 2015 10 15 In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State screening program for early detection of Arterial Hypertension (AH) and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) for the target age groups was established in 2008.The results of cross-sectional survey conducted at 8 primary health care facilities of Almaty city and Almaty region of Kazakhstan from September 2012 until May 2013 was used. A multistage sampling approach was used to select patients with diagnosed arterial hypertension between 18 to 64 years of age residing in a city (n=405, 50.6%) or village (n=395, 49.4%). Data collection was done via face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire.Rural residents (62.7%) mainly were "no-screened". These patients get treatment in policlinics only in case of serious health problems. At younger ages of 18 and 39 years, AH is diagnosed less often among rural than among urban residents (P<0.05). In addition, 71% of the rural residents have incomes below the national average, which has a significant impact on their ability to purchase quality medicines and food and to engage in sports; 16.3% of the rural respondents do not follow doctor's prescriptions due to the lack of money to buy medications.The screening for AH and the dissemination of information about screening in rural areas needs a lot of improvement, and that it is necessary to reconsider and improve the public policy for the distribution of free medications. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3754 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3754/3417

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1702 9 Adrián Santana-Ramirez Dept. of Neurosurgery, Hospital Civil Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Felipe Farias-Serratos Dept. of Research, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, León, Guanajuato, México. José Sanchez-Corona Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Jalisco, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), México. Gema Castañeda-Cisneros Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Jalisco, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), México. Nadia M Farias-Serratos Dept. of Surgical Oncology, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad, Cd. Salud Chiapas, México. 2015 10 15 We report an unusual case of hemimegalencephaly (HMG) associated with ipsilateral congenital-infiltrating lipomatosis of the face in a five-month-old boy. Hemimegalencephaly is a rare but unique malformation characterized by enlargement of all or parts of a cerebral hemisphere. The affected hemisphere may have focal or diffuse neuronal migration defects, with areas of polymicrogyria, pachygyria and heterotopia. Our aim was to investigate morphologic abnormalities occurring on the affected hemisphere by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), but some MRI findings were also noted outside of the affected hemicerebrum. There are a few case reports that have described various other abnormalities accompanying this condition, such as enlargement of ipsilateral brainstem, cerebellum and left lateral ventricle. MRI may be the most useful method demonstrating features of hemimegalencephaly with infiltrating lipomatosis of the face. However, studies using electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) can show distinct variants of discharges and brain-perfusion anomalies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3753 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3753/3416

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1710 3 Habib Onsori Dept. of Genetics, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran. Mohammad Rahmati Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Davood Fazli Dept. of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Mutations in the GJB2 gene are the most common known cause of hereditary congenital hearing loss. Rapid genomic DNA extraction (RGDE) method was used for genomic DNA extraction. After amplification of coding region of CX26 gene with specific primers, expected PCR products with 724bp length were subjected to direct sequencing in both directions. We describe here a novel heterozygous -T to -C transition at codon 202 (TGC→CGC) of the GJB2 gene in a patient, 40-year-old Iranian woman, which replaces a cysteine with an arginine residue (C202R). The dominant mutation C202R associated with non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. This mutation has not previously been described in affected or control samples from other populations investigated for GJB2 mutations, indicating that it is a rare substitution. This dominant mutation was recorded in NCBI GenBank with accession number KF 638275. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3752 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3752/3415

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1714 5 Raja Danasekaran Dept. of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Kalaivani Annadurai Dept. of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Geetha Mani Dept. of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3751 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3751/3414

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1716 7 Yi-Lang Chen Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan. Wen-Hui Kuan Dept. of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan. 2015 10 15 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3750 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3750/3413

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1718 9 Lăcrămioara Oprică Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania. Gabriela Vochita Institute of Biological Research Iasi - branch of NIRDBS, Iasi, Romania. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3749 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3749/3412

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1720 1 Seyyed Meysam Mousavi Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mina Anjomshoa Research Center for Health Services Management, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3748 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3748/3411

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1722 3 Mohammadjavad Ghanadzadeh Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Nader Akhavan Malayeri Administrative Assistant Municipal, Arak, Iran. Atena Bollhasani Environmental Engineering, Director Research of the Waste Management, Arak, Iran. Babak Eshrati Dept. of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Mohsen Shamsi Dept. of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3747 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3747/3410

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1724 5 Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Dept. of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Faroogh Khademi Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Seyed Alireza Mortazavi Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3746 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3746/3409

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 12 2014 12 15 1726 7 Narjes Gorji School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reihaneh Moeini School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Rezaeizadeh School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahna