Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 4 2015 04 15 435 44 Li-Yuan Sun Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea. Eun-Whan Lee Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea. Aqeela Zahra Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea. Jae-Hyun Park Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea. 2015 10 14 Background: In order to decrease the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), social determinants for CVD risk factors have been extensively studied in developed countries. However, few studies about them have been performed in low-middle-income countries. This study describes factors related to CVD risk factors in low-middle-income countries at a national level. Methods: Data were assembled from international databases for 47 low-middle-income countries and were collected from various sources including WHO, World Bank, and previous studies. Coefficient estimates between male and female CVD risk factor prevalence and each independent variable were calculated via linear regression. Results: Statistically significant inverse associations were observed between adult literacy rate and systolic blood pressure, blood glucose. Pump price for gasoline was negatively associated with blood glucose also. Associations for female unemployment, adult literacy rate, paved roads and urban population, alcohol and western diet were positively associated with CVD risk factors. Unemployment, urban population and alcohol were positively associated with CVD risk factors in males. Conclusion: The effectiveness of intervention program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in populations in developing countries should be explored, and more attention should be given to women. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3610 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3610/3285

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 4 2015 04 15 445 57 Jian Jin School of Economics, Hebei University, Baoding, P.R.China. Jianxiang Wang New Campus Administrative Office, Hebei University, Baoding, P.R.China. Xiaoyi Ma School of Economics, Hebei University, Baoding, P.R.China. Yuding Wang School of Economics, Hebei University, Baoding, P.R.China. Renyong Li University of Oulu, FIN 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland. 2015 10 14 Background: The Chinese government is trying to achieve the goal of “universal access to basic health care services”. However, the inequality of the distribution of health care resources across the country is the biggest obstacle. This paper aims to explore these inequalities and the extent to which the method of analysis influences the perception. Methods: The indicators of health care resource distribution studied consisted of the number of health care institutions, the number of beds in health care institutions and the number of medical personnel. Data were obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook 2014. The extent of equality was assessed using the Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient Method. Results: Health care resource distribution in China demonstrates inequalities. The demographic Gini Coefficients based on the Lorenz Curves for the distribution of health care institutions, beds in health care institutions and medical  personnel are 0.190, 0.070 and 0.070 respectively, while the corresponding Coefficients based on geographical areas are 0.616, 0.639 and 0.650. Conclusion: The equality of China’s demographically assessed distribution of health care resources is greater than that of its geographically measured distribution. Coefficients expressed by population imply there is ready access to healthcare in all regions, whilst the Coefficients by geographical area apparently indicate inequality. This is the result of the sparsity of population. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3608 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3608/3283

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 4 2015 04 15 458 69 Sadegh Seifpanahi Dept. of Speech & Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shohreh Jalaie Biostatistics Division, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Nikoo School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran. Davood Sobhani-Rad Dept. of Speech Pathology, Paramedical Science Faculty, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: In this systematic review, the aim is to investigate different VHI-30 versions between languages regarding their validity, reliability and their translation process. Methods: Articles were extracted systematically from some of the prime databases including Cochrane, googlescholar, MEDLINE (via PubMed gate), Sciencedirect, Web of science, and their reference lists by Voice Handicap Index keyword with only title limitation and time of publication (from 1997 to 2014). However the other limitations (e.g. excluding non-English, other versions of VHI ones, and so on) applied manually after studying the papers. In order to appraise the methodology of the papers, three authors did it by 12-item diagnostic test checklist in "Critical Appraisal Skills Programme" or (CASP) site. After applying all of the screenings, the papers that had the study eligibility criteria such as; translation, validity, and reliability processes, included in this review. Results: The remained non-repeated articles were 12 from different languages. All of them reported validity, reliability and translation method, which presented in details in this review. Conclusion: Mainly the preferred method for translation in the gathered papers was " Brislin‘s classic back-translation model (1970), although the procedure was not performed completely but it was more prominent than other translation procedures. High test-retest reliability, internal consistency and moderate construct validity between different languages in regards to all 3 VHI-30 domains confirm the applicability of translated VHI-30 version across languages. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3606 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3606/3281

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 4 2015 04 15 470 8 Chia-Ying Kuo School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan AND Office of Medical Affairs, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan. Hung-Yi Chiou School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Jia-Wei Lin Division of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan AND College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Shin-Han Tsai School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan AND College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan AND Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan. Yung-Hsiao Chiang Division of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Chien-Min Lin Division of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan. Wen-Ta Chiu School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. 2015 10 14 Background: A motor vehicle seat belt use law for the driver and front-seat passenger was implemented in Taiwan on June 1, 2001. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of motor vehicle seat belt use on the severity of traumatic brain injuries because of motor vehicle accidents. Methods: Data were collected from 27 major teaching hospitals four years before June 1, 2001 and until May 31, 2013. A total of 822 brain-injured patients with a mean age of 37.4 (± 13.4) years were included; 251 were injured prior to implementation of the law and 571 after. The Glasgow coma scale was adapted to rate the severity of traumatic brain injury on admission. The Glasgow outcome scale was used to categorize the outcome on discharge. Results: After the seat belt law was implemented, traumatic brain injuries were less severe (P<0.001) and the rates of loss of consciousness, neurologic deficit, intracranial hematoma, craniotomy, and poor physical condition at discharge were all significantly lower (all P< 0.05). Male gender, longer hospital stays, not wearing a seat belt, and injury before the law was enacted were all associated with poorer physical condition at the time of discharge (all P <0.01). Conclusion: Among occupants who survived a motor vehicle accident but had traumatic brain injuries, those who had worn seat belts had a better prognosis. Seat belts remain one of the best methods to reduce both the severity of injuries and the number of fatalities. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3604 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3604/3279

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 4 2015 04 15 479 85 Donnapa Hongthong Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Phayao, Phayao, Thailand. Ratana Somrongthong College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Paul Ward Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. 2015 10 14 Background: The population prevalence of older people has been growing worldwide. Quality of Life (QoL) among older people is a significant public health concern. Hence, this study aimed to assess level of QoL and factors influencing QoL among rural Thai older people. Methods: The study was undertaken in Phayao Province where is one of the top ten provinces with the highest index of Thai aging. A district in this province was purposively selected to be the study area and the quota-sampling technique was used for sample collection, totally 400 older people participated according to Taro Yamane. The WHOQoL-Old was employed to interview elderly QoL. Multivariate linear regression was performed to determine the factors influencing QoL among the older people. Results: Over two-thirds of older people (68.5%) had QoL at fair level. The vast majority (96%) had high scores for Activity Daily Living (ADL). Approximately one-fifth (20.5%) reported current smoking and 31.7% reported ever drinking during previous year. Following univariate analysis, nine factors – gender, age, education, working, income, present illness, drinking, ADL, and participating in elderly club were identified as being significantly associated with QoL (P <0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed four factors predictive of QoL among elderly: ADL, income, alcohol drinking, and present illness (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Physical function, health status and financial were the predictor of QoL among elderly. Noticeably, drinking was one predictive factor of QoL but only among moderate drinkers. Hence, healthy life style should be considered as key areas in attempts to promote QoL among elderly people. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3602 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3602/3277

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 4 2015 04 15 486 94 María Morales-Suárez-Varela Unit of Public Health, Hygiene, and Environmental care, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain AND Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain. Candelaria Ruso Julve Unit of Public Health, Hygiene, and Environmental care, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Agustín Llopis González Unit of Public Health, Hygiene, and Environmental care, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain AND Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain. 2015 10 14 Background: The infant-juvenile period is one of high vulnerability during the lifestyles chosen become determining factors for future health status. This study aimed to evaluate lifestyle, specifically eating habits and physical activity, in 5-15-year-olds in Spain and their health status (anthropometry). Methods: This cross-sectional population study with two time points (2006 and 2013) was conducted by compiling data from the Spanish National Health Survey. We used the minor survey, specifically the data from the Health Determinants module, which included 5-15-year-olds. Compiled information was obtained from parents or guardians. Results: The overall overweight and obesity prevalence in Spain (2013) in 5- to 15-year-olds is 24.3%. A drop of 8.2% in meat consumption was found, while overall intake was high. Daily intake of plant-based food (fruit, vegetables, pulses) was low, especially vegetables (32.9%). Increased sedentary lifestyle was observed, probably because the use of communication technologies has increased in recent years (P<0.001). Moreover, watching TV rose to 19.3% for 1 hour/day watching TV on weekdays and to 23.5% at weekends. Conclusion: When comparing the two time points (2006 and 2013), we observed that lifestyle, eating habits and physical activity strongly associated with the Spanish infant-juvenile population’s anthropometry. Mediterranean  diet patterns seem to be abandoned and physical activity is practiced less, which will have a negative impact on future quality of life. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3600 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3600/3275

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 4 2015 04 15 495 500 Huijie Li Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China. Yunping Zhou Zibo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, P.R. China. Suyun Li Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China. Qiang Wang Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China. Lulu Pan Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China. Xiaorong Yaniation locale="en_US">School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China Da FENG School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China Xiaoyu CHEN School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 2019 04 16 Background: This study aimed to identify the characteristics of item nonresponse and examine the factors affecting the refusal or failure to respond of patients with chronic disease in rural China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey data from patients with chronic disease from rural China were analyzed. A total of 1,099 patients were enrolled. Chi-square test and cumulative logistic regression determined the predictors of having item nonresponse. Results: The respondents in central provinces (OR = 2.311, 95%CI = 0.532~1.144, P < 0.001) with over eight household members (OR = 0.067, 95%CI = -1.632~-0.349, P = 0.002), multiple chronic diseases (OR = 0.301, 95%CI = -1.673~-0.727, P < 0.001), and low health knowledge level (OR = 2.112, 95%CI = 0.405~1.090, P < 0.001) had more item nonresponse numbers. Compared with the participants with high school education level and above, the item nonresponse number seemed to increase when the participants were illiterate (OR = 2.159, 95%CI = 0.254~1.285, P = 0.003), had primary school education (OR = 2.161, 95%CI = 0.249~1.294, P = 0.004) and junior school education (OR = 2.070, 95%CI = 0.160~1.296, P = 0.012). Conclusion: This study indicates the influencing factors of the item nonresponse in survey of patients with chronic disease in rural China. This study contributes to investigation practice and highlights that health institutions should improve the quality of follow-up services. Moreover, the government should pay more attention to the care of vulnerable groups, especially patients with chronic disease in rural areas.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16856 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16856/6353

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 593 602 Leila GHOLAMHOSSEINI Department of Health Information Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Health Information Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farahnaz SADOUGHI Health Management and Economics Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aliasghar SAFAEI Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran 2019 04 16 Background: The Hospital Real-time Location Systems (HRTLS), deal with monitoring the patients, medical staff and valuable medical equipment in emergency situations. Therefore, the study aimed to propose Hospital Real-Time Location Systems based on the novel technologies in Iran. Methods: In this narrative-review, the articles and official reports on HRTLS, were gathered and analyzed from related textbooks and indexing sites with the defined keywords in English or Persian. The search of databases such as IDTechEx, IEEE, PubMed Central, Science Direct, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier journals, WHO publications and Google Scholar was performed to reconfirm the efficiency of HRTLS from 2006 to 2017. Results: Various technologies have been used in the current systems, which have led to the reduced error rate, costs and increased speed of providing the healthcare services. Applications of these systems include tracking of patient’s, medical staff and valuable medical assets. Besides, achieving the patient & staff satisfaction is among other basic applications of these Systems. The accurate data exchange and processes control are considered as positive aspects of this technology. Conclusion: HRTLS has great importance in healthcare systems and its efficiency in medical centers is reliable; hence, it seems necessary to determine the organization’s requirements, apply novel technologies such as cloud computing and Internet of things, and integrate them to get access to maximum advantages in Iranian healthcare centers.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16849 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16849/6346

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 17 770 772 Rositsa DIMOVA Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Rumyana STOYANOVA Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Stanislava HARIZANOVA Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Miglena TARNOVSKA Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Donka KESKINOVA Department of Applied and Institutional Sociology, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 2019 04 17 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16880 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16880/6367

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 673 680 Herbert Rubens KOCH FILHO School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, 80215-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Luiza Foltran de Azevedo KOCH School of Health Sciences, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300, 81280-330, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Solena Ziemer KUSMA School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, 80215-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Sérgio Aparecido IGNÁCIO School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, 80215-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Simone Tetu MOYSÉS School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, 80215-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Luciana Ribeiro Azevedo ALANIS School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, 80215-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Marilisa Carneiro Leão GABARDO School of Health Sciences, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300, 81280-330, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Samuel Jorge MOYSÉS School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, 80215-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 2019 04 16 Background: The gerontoism, a neologism adopted here, is a form of discrimination regarding age and can occur in rational, emotional, and behavioral contexts, and could be influenced by many factors. This study aimed to identify if the social support and the family functionality interfere in the self-perception of gerontoism. Methods: Participants were 376 elderly in good physical and mental condition. They participated in the Group Living organization in the Municipality of Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil, in 2012.  Information was collected about sociodemographic profile using a structured questionnaire. The social support, the family functionality, and the self-perception of gerontoism were defined by the Medical Outcomes Study, the Family APGAR index, and Ageism Survey, respectively. The variables were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient, One Way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD test, and the Student’s t-test. Results: Most of the participants came from small cities from the interior (48.7%), were female (94.4%), with age ranging 60-69 yr-old (45.5%), whites (76.1%), widowers (47.1%), with children (93.9%), with low schooling (55.3%), with family income from 1-2 minimum wage (31.4%), and retirees not working (44.1%). It was not observed correlation between sociodemographic variables and self-perception of gerontoism. Statistical significance was observed between self-perception of gerontoism and social support (r= -0.26, P=0.00), and between the self-perception and family functionality (r = -0.28, P=0.00). Once the scores of self-perception of gerontoism increased, the ones from social support and family functionality, decreased. Conclusion: Lower self-perception of gerontoism was observed in elderly with higher social support and family functionality.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16858 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16858/6354

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 603 611 Seyyede Maryam BECHASHK Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Ghobad MORADI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Behzad MOHSENPOUR Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Rashid RAMAZANZADEH Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2019 04 16 Background: Cefepime-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the seven important types of microbial resistance. This meta-analysis study was conducted to identify the prevalence of cefepime-resistant E. coli in Iran during 2007-2016. Methods: Studies published were searched in Persian databases (including Magiran, and SID) and international databases (including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus). The selected studies included all types of laboratory methods. Moreover, the random effects model (DerSimonian Laird method) was used to addresses the high heterogeneity (50% < I2) between the reviewed studies. The collected data were categorized into different subgroups on the basis of the year of study and province. Data analysis was performed using the Statsdirect software. Results: Overall, 516 articles were selected from the searched medical databases. After reviewing and applying the inclusion criteria, irrelevant papers were excluded and the remaining 26 studies were meta-analyzed. The overall prevalence of cefepime-resistant E. coli was 53.42% (95%: 43.35, 63.35), ranging from 25% (95%CI: 21.67, 28.55) in 2009 to 61.95% (95%CI: 56.62, 67.09) in 2016. Conclusion: The prevalence of cefepime-resistant E. coli in Iran has had an increasing and alarming trend during the recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to use practical strategies and interventions to control and monitor cefepime-resistant E. coli in the country.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16850 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16850/6347

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 17 773 774 Monika MACKINOVA Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Pavol KOPINEC Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Jan HOLONIC Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Jaroslav STANCIAK Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2019 04 17 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16881 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16881/6368

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 681 687 Fengmei SHI Clinical Laboratory of Weihaiwei People's Hospital, Weihai, Shandong Province, China Aijun YU Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dezhou People’s Hospital, Dezhou, China Limei YUAN Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China 2019 04 16 Background: To investigate the clinical significance of monitoring the coagulation indexes, immune factors and inflammatory factors in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (PIH). Methods: 90 pregnant women with PIH admitted in Weihaiwei People's Hospital of Shandong Province, China from 2016 to 2017 were collected, including 45 cases in mild-moderate group and 45 cases in severe group. Another 45 normal pregnant women at the same period were selected as control group. The immune indexes, four index signs of coagulation bloods and serum inflammatory factors in three groups of subjects were determined. Results: The levels of complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) were successively increased in severe PIH group, mild-moderate PIH group and normal pregnancy group (P<0.05). Compared with those in normal pregnancy group, the levels of PT, APTT and TT were significantly decreased and Fib levels were significantly increased in PIH groups (P<0.05). Compared with those in normal pregnant women, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in pregnant women with PIH were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the changes in severe PIH group were more obvious than those in mild-moderate group. Conclusion: Pregnant women with PIH are in a hypercoagulable state and have a higher risk of thrombus and secondary hyperfibrinolysis. Immune factors and inflammatory factors are also associated with the occurrence and development of the disease. Monitoring the changes in coagulation indexes and levels of immune factors and inflammatory factors provide an important reference value for clinical treatment and prevention of complications.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16859 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16859/6355

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 612 620 Fatemeh Zahra KARIMI Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Hamid HEIDARIAN MIRI Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Maryam SALEHIAN Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Talat KHADIVZADEH Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mohaddese BAKHSHI Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran 2019 04 16 Background: One of the causes of postpartum hemorrhage is prolongation of third stage of labor. Mother-infant skin to skin contact (SSC) immediately after delivery is one of the non-pharmacological interventions to reduce this stage. Studies which assessed the effect of mother-infant SSC after delivery on duration of the third stage of labor reported controversial results on this issue. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of mother-infant SSC immediately after birth on the duration of third stage of labor Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, SID, Magiran IranDoc and Google Scholar were searched from 2000 to 2018, using the keywords related to the objectives of this review to access randomized control trials published in Persian or English. The quality of papers was examined using Cochran's Risk of bias tool. Data was analyzed using Stata software. We used I2 index and Chi-square test to investigate heterogeneity and Egger’s and Begg’s tests to assess publications bias. Random effects model was used to combine the data. Results: Six studies were entered into the meta-analysis. The third stage of labor in SSC group was shorter than that of control group with a mean difference of -1.33 and 95% CI (-2.31 to -0.36) and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.007). Conclusion: Mother-infant SSC decreases the duration of third stage of labor. Therefore, the current study provides some evidences to use this non-pharmacological method in order to accelerate the third stage of labor and ultimately prevent postpartum hemorrhage.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16851 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16851/6348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 17 775 776 Mohammed JABBAR Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia AND Department of Population Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia Zailina HASHIM Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Huda ZAINUDDIN Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Rukman HAMAT Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Munn Sann LYE Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia 2019 04 17 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16882 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16882/6369

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 688 696 Dwi SUTININGSIH Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Nurjazuli NURJAZULI Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Djoko NUGROHO Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Tri Baskoro Tunggul SATOTO Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2019 04 16 Background: Vector control is still emphasized on the using of chemical insecticide which can cause death of non-target organisms, pollution and vector resistance. Therefore, natural insecticides/larvicides are an alternative to using chemical insecticides to control the mosquito vector. Methods: Brusatol was isolated from the seeds of Makassar Fruit (Brucea javanica L. Merr). Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were divided into 3 groups, i.e. 6 testing groups and one negative and positive control group. In the negative control group, the larvae were treated with 100 ml aquadest and positive control was treated with temephos 1 ppm. After 24 hours, dead larvae were calculated and the percentage of death was determined. The dead larvae were then examined for morphological changes using a light microscope. Results: The higher of the concentration level of brusatol, the higher number of the death of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae (P<0.05). The value of brusatol Lethal Concentration 50 to larvae Cx. quinquefasciatus was 0.010 ± 0.122 and value of brusatol Lethal Concentration 90 to larvae Cx. quinquefasciatus was 0.654 ± 0.081 ppm. The higher the concentration of brusatol, the morphological damage of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae was getting worse and widespread to cause damage to the digestive tract and cuticle. Conclusion: Brusatol isolated from the seed of B. javanica (L) Merr have larvicidal activity to the Cx. quinquefasciatus which is potential to be natural larvicide.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16860 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16860/6356

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 621 631 Wenwen WU School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China AND School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China Yaofei XIE School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China Xiangxiang LIU School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China Yaohua GU School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China Yuting ZHANG School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China Xinlong TU School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China Xiaodong TAN School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China 2019 04 16 Background: Studies related to the prevention and control of myopia in adolescents have increased rapidly, but only a few have measured the levels of scientific collaboration among authors, institutions and countries in this field. Thus, in this study, we aimed to reveal the status and levels of scientific collaboration in this field. Methods: The research population included all published papers in the field of adolescent myopia prevention and control indexed in the Web of Science databases from 1997-2016. The co-authorship networks were drawn using SATI (Statistical Analysis Toolkit for Informetrics), Ucinet and VOS viewer (Visualisation of Similarities viewer). Active authors and some measures of co-author network, including degree centrality, closeness, betweenness, density and diameter, were also assessed. Results: Overall, 610 records were obtained, and a number of publications developed through an increase in different collaboration types, with cooperation among authors and institutions as the most apparent ones. The top ten active authors and institutions were identified. The density of cooperative networks of the top 70 authors and the first 69 institutions were 0.043 and 0.011, respectively, with corresponding diameters of five and six, respectively. Seven distinct clusters formed the cooperation network among 38 countries. The top three clusters were centered in China, the United States and Australia, also identified as the most productive countries. Conclusion: The flow of information is slow and the collaboration among authors and institutions in the network are not close enough. Thus, multiple collaboration types should be encouraged in this field, especially among countries.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16852 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16852/6349

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 17 777 778 Ivana LJILJANA ZUBIC Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia 2019 04 17 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16883 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16883/6370

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 697 703 Jian SUN Department of Endodontics, Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital, Xuzhou 221003, P.R. China Yuanyuan WEI Department of Prosthodontics, Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital, Xuzhou 221003, P.R. China Xiaobei TIAN Department of Endodontics, Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital, Xuzhou 221003, P.R. China AND Teaching and Research Office of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221003, P.R. China Qinglin MEN Department of Prosthodontics, Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital, Xuzhou 221003, P.R. China 2019 04 16 Background: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in the treatment of endodontic disease. Methods: Oversell, 384 patients with endodontic disease treated in Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital, Xuzhou, China, from June 2015 to June 2017 were selected, and randomly divided into four groups with 96 cases per group. The repair effects of MTA, zinc phosphate cement (ZPC), silver amalgam and light-curing calcium hydroxide (LCH) on the teeth and dental pulp of patients in the four groups were compared. Meanwhile, the ill symptoms of the patients were observed to confirm whether they could be alleviated. Besides, whether the repair effects were related to ages of patients, perforation diameters of diseased teeth and repair materials was discussed. Results: The success rates of MTA group, ZPC group, LCH group and silver amalgam group were 90.6%, 68.7%, 70.8% and 52.1%, respectively. The success rate of MTA group was significantly higher than that of ZPC group, silver amalgam group and LCH group. When the success rates of four groups were compared, the differences were statistically significant (P=0.0072). The patient's age, repair material and perforation diameter were positively correlated with MTA repair effect (P=0.003, P=0.002, P=0.01). The patients' teeth in each group were repaired with different materials, and the reexamination was conducted 4 weeks later. Three patients in the silver amalgam group were found to have gingival swelling. Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of MTA was significant in the treatment of endodontic disease, and it is worthy of clinical application.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16861 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16861/6357

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 632 643 Azmawati Mohammed NAWI Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AND Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Siok-Fong CHIN Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Shamsul AZHAR SHAH Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AND Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Rahman JAMAL Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2019 04 16 Background: Trace elements play a pivotal role in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) inhibition and development process. This systematic review provides the basic comparison of case-control studies focusing on concentration of trace elements between those with CRC and controls Methods: The systematic review searched through two databases of Medline and Cochrane up to 24th June 2017. The search strategy focused on Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO). We searched the role of trace elements in cancer and focusing on case-control studies in CRC to obtain an insight into the differences in trace element concentrations between those with and without cancer. Results: The serum concentrations of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Se, Si, and Zn were lower in CRC patients but for Co and S the levels were higher in CRC patients. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn were increased in patients with metastasis, but not in Se. As for colon tissue specimens, inconsistent levels were reported between studies, notably in Cu, Se, and Zn. No changes were reported for B and Ca levels. Most of the trace elements in the tissue specimens showed higher concentrations of Cr, Fe, K, Mg, P, Rb, S, and Si compared to Br. Conclusion: With the growing interest to understand the link between trace elements in carcinogenesis and the possible interactions, multi assessment analysis of a larger cohort of samples is necessary.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16853 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16853/6350

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 17 779 781 Behrouz EZATPOUR Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Seyed Mahmoud Reza TAHERIAN Department of Public Health, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Saeid BAJALAN Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Mohammad Hassan KAYEDI Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Hossein MAHMOUDVAND Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Khatereh ANBARI Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran 2019 04 17 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16884 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16884/6371

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 16 704 712 Jasmina PLUNCEVIC GLIGOROSKA Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Serjoza GONTAREV Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Sport, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Beti DEJANOVA Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Lidija TODOROVSKA Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Daniela SHUKOVA STOJMANOVA Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Sport, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Sanja MANCHEVSKA Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia 2019 04 16 Background: This study aimed to assess the basic red blood cell variables and hematological indices in children and adolescents and analyze the differences regarding age and sex. Methods: Overall, 320 young participants, age 8 to 18 yr, were enrolled at Laboratory of Sport’s Medicine, Medical Faculty, Skopje, Macedonia in 2016. Capillary blood samples were drawn and following hematologic parameters were measured: the red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit level (Hct) and hematological indexes: mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean hemoglobin concentration (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell distribution width (RDW). Results: RBC variables in male group showed high statistical level of significance between age different groups (P=0.001) for all studied parameters except MCHC (P=0.423) and RDW (P=0.174). ANOVA test and multivariate tests in female group showed that there was no significant difference for all hematological parameters between age different groups. Regarding the sex differences, male participants had significantly higher red blood count (P<0.001), hemoglobin content (P<0.001) and hematocrit (P<0.001). Conclusion: Hematological parameters in adolescent as inhomogeneous population are not quantified sufficiently, especially hematological indices. RBC variables, regardless of the age, differ very much between male and female examinees, in favor of the male examinees. Hematological indices were insignificantly higher in males. Regarding the age of examinees, RBC variables showed significant inter-groups differences only within male adolescents. While with girls, ages span 8 to 18 yr, we did not find significant differences for most of the hematological variables.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16862 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16862/6358

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 4 2019 04 17 782 783