Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 5 2015 05 15 602 14 Antonio Paoli Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. Antonino Bianco Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. 2015 10 14 Background: This review based upon studies searched from the major scientific libraries has the objective of clarifying what is fitness training in modern days, the implications that it has on health in both youth and elderly and finally discuss fitness training practical implications. Methods: The PRISMA statement was partially adopted and a number of 92 items were selected, according to the inclusion criteria. Results were discussed in 4 main sections: 1. Children and adolescents fitness levels; 2. Fitness training in the elderly; 3. Pathology prevention through fitness training; 4. Training through Fitness activities. Results: This review pointed out the fact that nowadays there is a large variety of fitness activities available within gyms and fitness centers. Even though they significantly differ with each other, the common aim they have is the wellbeing of the people through the improvement of the physical fitness components and the psychological balance. Conclusion: Fitness instructors‟ recommendations should be followed in gym context and should be   contingent upon an individual‟s objectives, physical capacity, physical characteristics and experience. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3561 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3561/3236

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 5 2015 05 15 615 24 Daye Cheng Dept. of Transfusion, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China. Bin Liang Biochip Center, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China. 2015 10 14 Background: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Lys469Glu (K469E) polymorphism and Gly 241Arg (G241R) polymorphism might play important roles in cancer development and progression. However, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between ICAM-1 K469E and G241R polymorphisms and the risk of cancer by meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive literature search (last search updated in November 2013) was conducted to identify casecontrol studies that investigated the association between ICAM-1 K469E and G241R polymorphisms and cancer risk. Results: A total of 18 case-control studies for ICAM-1 polymorphisms were included in the meta-analysis, including 4,844 cancer cases and 5,618 healthy controls. For K469E polymorphism, no significant association was found between K469E polymorphism and cancer risk. However, subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed one genetic comparison (GG vs. AA) presented the relationship with cancer risk in Asian subgroup, and two genetic models (GG+GA vs. AA and GA vs. AA) in European subgroup, respectively. For G241R polymorphism, G241R polymorphism was significantly association with cancer risk in overall analysis. The subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed that G241R polymorphism was significantly associated with cancer risk in European subgroup. Conclusion: ICAM-1 G241R polymorphism might be associated with cancer risk, especially in European populations, but the results doesn’t support ICAM-1 K469E polymorphism as a risk factor for cancer https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3559 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3559/3234

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 5 2015 05 15 625 38 Weihua Qu School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. Zhijun Yan School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. Guohua Qu School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. Maria Ikram School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. 2015 10 14 Background: More than 80 percent of the China’s population is located in the rural areas, 95 percent of which use coal, wood etc for cooking and heating. Limited by data availability, the association between household solid fuels and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in China’s rural areas is ignored in prior studies. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from 2010-2012 and carried out on rural population aging 20-80 yr, comprised of 13877 participants from eighteen villages. Self-report questionnaire data were collected. Each outcome represents whether the participant has a kind of CVDs or not and it is reported in participants’ questionnaire. Then the collected data is analyzed by logistic regression models with odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence interval. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, the use of household solid fuels was significantly associated with an increased risk for hypertension (OR 1.751), CHD (OR 2.251), stroke (OR 1.642), diabetes (OR 1.975) and dyslipidemia (OR 1.185). Residents with the highest tertile of the duration of household solid fuel exposure had an increased odd of hypertension (OR 1.651), stroke (OR 1.812), diabetes (OR 2.891) and dyslipidemia (OR 1.756) compared with those in the lowest tertile of the duration of solid fuel exposure. Conclusion: Indoor pollution exposure from household solid fuels combustion may be a positive risk factor for CVDs in the perspectives of China’s rural population. Our findings should be corroborated in longitudinal studies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3558 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3558/3233

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 5 2015 05 15 639 45 Haruyuki Ito Dept. of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan. Takako Kumagai Dept. of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan. Midori Kimura Dept. of Nursing, Hachinohe Gakuin Junior College, Aomori, Japan. Shotaro Koike Dept. of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan. Takeshi Shimizu Dept. of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan. 2015 10 14 Background: Patients with schizophrenia reportedly have a high prevalence of obesity. One of the reasons is a poor choice of diet. The goal of this study was to clarify characteristics of the dietary intake across the strata of the body mass index (BMI) and to compare the general population and patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 51 patients with schizophrenia residing in rural areas in 2011. Anthropometric indices (of height, weight, body mass index) were measured at the commencement of the survey. Intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, total fiber, and salt were noted through a 3-day dietary recording. The nutrient intake was estimated using Excel add-in software (Excel Eiyou-kun Ver. 6.0, Kenpakusha Co., Ltd.). Patients were divided into two groups: those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and with a BMI <25 kg/m2 , and the differences in their nutrition intake were analyzed. To compare these patients with the general population, the results of the National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2010 (NHNS) were used (the NHNS group). For statistical analysis, an unpaired t-test was performed with P < 0.05. Results: Patients with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had the higher intakes than those with a BMI <25 kg/m2 of energy, fat and phosphorus and salt. Patients with schizophrenia showed higher intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, phosphorus and salt than the NHNS group. Conclusion: The characteristics of the dietary intake in patients with schizophrenia were suggested the food constitution that is likely to increase the body weight. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3556 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3556/3231

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 5 2015 05 15 646 53 Maryam Malmir Dept. of Exceptional Children Psychology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Seifenaraghi Dept. of Exceptional Children Psychology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Dariush D Farhud School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G Ali Afrooz Dept. of Exceptional Children Psychology, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Khanahmadi Dept. of Psychology, Allame Tabatabaii University, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: According to the mother's key roles in bringing up emotional and cognitive abilities of mentally retarded children and respect to positive psychology in recent decades, this research is administered to assess the relation between mother's happiness level with cognitive- executive functions (i.e. attention, working memory, inhibition and planning) and facial emotional recognition ability as two factors in learning and adjustment skills in mentally retarded children with Down syndrome. Methods: This study was an applied research and data were analyzed by Pearson correlation procedure. Population is included all school children with Down syndrome (9-12 yr) that come from Tehran, Iran. Overall, 30 children were selected as an in access sample. After selection and agreement of parents, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenRevised (WISC-R) was performed to determine the student's IQ, and then mothers were invited to fill out the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). Cognitive-executive functions were evaluated by tests as followed: Continues Performance Test (CPT), N-Back, Stroop test (day and night version) and Tower of London. Ekman emotion facial expression test was also accomplished for assessing facial emotional recognition in children with Down syndrome, individually. Results: Mother's happiness level had a positive relation with cognitive-executive functions (attention, working memory, inhibition and planning) and facial emotional recognition in her children with Down syndrome, significantly. Conclusion: Parents’ happiness (especially mothers) is a powerful predictor for cognitive and emotional abilities of their children. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3554 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3554/3229

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 5 2015 05 15 654 8 Alireza Mohammadi Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Saeedeh Shojaee Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Mahboobeh Salimi Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Zareei Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Mohebali Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Keshavarz Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and usually asymptomatic infection. This study was carried out to investigate the seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma infection in women referred to Arak Marriage Consulting Center during 2012-2013. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum samples were collected from 400 women referred to Marriage Consulting Center in Arak City, Markazi Province, central Iran during 2012-2013. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by ELISA using homemade antigen. Results were analyzed by SPSS 18 and the correlation between toxoplasmosis and some affecting factors were estimated. Results: Overall, 97 cases (24.3%) had IgG antibodies against T. gondii and 19 cases (4.8%) were positive for IgM antibodies. A significant correlation was seen between T. gondii infection with clinical symptoms, keeping cat as pet animal, education and handling or eating raw or undercooked meat (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of (24.3%) for Toxoplasma infection was seen in Arak City. It seems that keeping cat as pet and consumption of undercooked liver and uncooked hamburger are the most important transmission routes for the infection in this city. Since the majority of women are Toxoplasma sero-negative (75.7%) in Arak City, using serological tests and health education prior to marriage or during pregnancy is recommended. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3552 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3552/3227

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 5 2015 05 15 659 64 Khandan Shahandeh Dept. of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Reza Basseri Dept. of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza Majdzadeh Dept. of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Roya Sadeghi Dept. of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Shahandeh Dept. of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Davoud Shojaeizadeh Dept. of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: This study was undertaken to identify key elements for obtaining community interest and motivate them to support eliminate malaria in the places that malaria is no longer a perceived threat. Methods: Sequential explanatory mixed methods research design used to provide more comprehensive evidence research. A questionnaire was developed after reviewing the literature relating to community participation for malaria elimination and used to collect data from three native people, Iranian migrant and foreign immigrant groups. The variables included access to educational facilities, services, social support, social supporters, trust, and supportive norms were assessed. We also employed an ethnographic des_US">Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soheila Asgari International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Reza Majdzadeh Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Community Based Participatory Research Center (CBPR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 This study was conducted to identify the determinants of protective behavior in relation to HIV transmission. Since the risk of transmission is higher among those who have extramarital intercourse, the study sample constituted of such people.We started this study in 2010 and finished it in 2011. Participants were divided into low-risk and high-risk groups. High-risk people included sex workers and those who presented at drop-in centers. Interviewees were 18 men and women in the low-risk group and 12 men and women in the high-risk group. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and were analyzed using the thematic framework method.In both groups, protective behavior was influenced by willingness to protect, intention or decision to protect, and personal, social, and environmental barriers and facilitators. In terms of willingness, behavior was influenced to preserve sexual pleasure by avoiding condoms. In terms of barriers and facilitators, trust in partner, misperceptions, condom inaccessibility, unplanned sex, fear of contracting the disease, partner's wish, ethical commitments were mentioned by both groups, stigma of condom possession by the low-risk group, and partner's force was mentioned by the high-risk group.Educational programs need to focus on changing the concept that "condoms reduce sexual pleasure". In addition, interventional programs to strengthen factors such as self-efficacy, ethical commitments, faithfulness, and correct beliefs such as undue trust in partner, misconception of being safe, unplanned sex, and the stigma of possessing condoms can be very effective in changing high-risk sexual behavior. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4434 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4434/4083

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 854 859 Parvin Cheraghi Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Jalal Poorolajal Research Center for Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Babak Moeini Research Center for Health Sciences and Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Zahra Cheraghi Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2015 10 15 Literatures that focus on the risk factors of unintended pregnancy among married women are limited especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of unintended pregnancy in a west region of Iran.This case-control study was conducted from September to November 2011 in Hamadan City, western Iran. A stratified cluster random sampling method was used for data collection. All participants were enrolled voluntarily into the study including 181 cases and 391 controls. Cases were married women with unintended pregnancy. Controls were married women with planned pregnancy.Of 572 participants, 31 (5.4%) women had not used any methods of contraception prior to the recent pregnancy. The proportion of using ineffective contraceptive methods such as withdrawal was higher in cases than in controls. The most effective predictor of unintended pregnancy was the number of previous alive children so that the risk of unplanned pregnancy increased 3.68 per one child (P<0.001).This study introduced several effective predictors for unintended pregnancy among married women which may be useful for family planning programs. The high-risk population should be strongly advised to use highly effective contraceptive methods such as tubal ligation, vasectomy or OCP provided that being used correctly. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4432 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4432/4081

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 860 867 Jalil Jafari Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Mesdaghinia Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ramin Nabizadeh Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehrdad Farrokhi Dept. of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Amir Hossein Mahvi Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Anaerobic treatment methods are more suitable for the treatment of concentrated wastewater streams, offer lower operating costs, the production of usable biogas product. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR)-Aerobic Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR) in series arrangement to treat Currant wastewater.The bed materials of AFBR were cylindrical particles made of PVC with a diameter of 2-2.3 mm, particle density of 1250 kg/m(3). The volume of all bed materials was 1.7 liter which expanded to 2.46 liters in fluidized situation. In MBBR, support media was composed of 1.5 liters Bee-Cell 2000 having porosity of 87% and specific surface area of 650m(2)/m(3).When system operated at 35 ºC, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were achieved to 98% and 81.6% for organic loading rates (OLR) of 9.4 and 24.2 g COD/l.d, and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 48 and 18 h, in average COD concentration feeding of 18.4 g/l, respectively.The contribution of AFBR in total COD removal efficiency at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 9.4 g COD/l.d was 95%, and gradually decreased to 76.5% in OLR of 24.2 g COD/l.d. Also with increasing in organic loading rate the contribution of aerobic reactor in removing COD gradually decreased. In this system, the anaerobic reactor played the most important role in the removal of COD, and the aerobic MBBR was actually needed to polish the anaerobic treated wastewater. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4430 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4430/4079

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 868 875 Fatemeh Kargar Dept. of Occupational Health Enginrrying, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri Dept. of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farideh Golbabaei Dept. of Occupational Health Enginrrying, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abolfazl Barkhordari Dept. of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Abbas Rahimi-Froushani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Monireh Khadem Dept. of Occupational Health Enginrrying, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Cobalt is one of the most important constituent present in ceramic industries. Glazers are the relevant workers when they are producing blue colored ceramic, causing occupational exposure to such metal. Through this study, urinary cobalt was determined in glazers in a ceramic industry when they were producing blue-colored ceramic glazes.In this case-control study, spot urine samples were collected from 49 glazers at the start and end of work shifts (totally 98 samples) in 2011. Control group were well matched for age, height, and weight. A solid phase extraction system was used for separation and preconcentration of samples followed by analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). All participants filled out a self administered questionnaire comprises questions about duration of exposure, work shift, use of mask, skin dermatitis, kind of job, ventilation system, overtime work, age, weight, and height. The lung function tests were performed on each control and cobalt exposed subjects. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the obtained results.Urinary levels of cobalt were significantly higher in the glazers compared to the control group. There were significant differences at urinary concentration of cobalt at the start and end of the work shift in glazers. Spirometric parameters were significantly lower in the glazers compared to the control group. Among the variables used in questionnaire the significant variables were dermatitis skin, mask, ventilation, and overtime work.This study verified existence of cobalt in the urine glazers, showing lower amount than the ACGIH standard. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4428 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4428/4077

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 876 882 Peivand Bastani Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soudabeh Vatankhah Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Health Management and Economics Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Masoud Salehi Health Management and Economics Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Depart. of Statistics and Mathematics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 This study was designed to present and compare Iranian hospitals` performance applying ratio analysis technique.This cross-sectional survey was conducted to present an instant image of 139 Iranian hospitals` performance status applying ratio analysis as one of the non parametric technical efficiency assessment methods in 2008. Data was collected using nine dimensional questionnaires supported by world wide web to achieve main hospital ratios. Final analysis was performed applying classic statistics and relevant statistical tests on significant level of 0.05.Four hospital performance indicators were estimated in the studied hospitals as follows: Bed turnover rate (BTR) was fluctuated from 64.5 to 114.8 times for hospitals located in rich and poor areas respectively. Moreover Bed Interval Rate (BIT) was calculated 1.36 versus 2.4 in the poor and rich areas. Average length of stay (ALS) was computed 1.82 for the poor regions but 3.27 for the rich ones furthermore, a positive statistical significant correlation was seen between ALS and the hospital size (P=0.001, r=0.28). Average bed occupancy rate (BOR) was 57.8% and its variation was from 31.4% to 64.5% depending on the hospital size so that there was a positive statistical significant relationship between the hospital size and BOR (P=0.006, r=0.32).Regarding that BOR, ALS, BTR and BIT along with mortality rates are mentioned as the most considerable performance indicators, applying analytic frameworks more than considering single and raw indicators are severely recommended. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4426 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4426/4075

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 883 888 Masomeh Khodadadi Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Nateghpour Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran ; Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Effat Souri Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemical, Faculty of Pharmacy, (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Leila Farivar Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Abbas Rahimi-Froushani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Zeinab Karbalaei Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Drug resistance in malaria parasites is extending in the world particularly in chemical synthesized drugs such as 4- aminoquinolines and aminoalcoholes. Employing herbal extracts is encouraged by WHO in the malarious areas. In this study, the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of Artemisia aucheri individually and in combination with chloroquine, has been considered against chloroquine - sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei.At the first stage, ED50 of A. aucheri and chloroquine on P. berghei was calculated using in vivo test. Then based on the ED50s combination of A. aucheri and chloroquine with ratios of 0/100,10/90,20/80,30/70,40/60,50/50,60/40,70/30,80/20,90/10 and100/0 were tested against the parasite. For evaluating the adverse effect of A. aucheri on the mice, for two weeks 1000mg/kg of the extract was daily employed and the mice were followed up for fifty days.ED50s for chloroquine and A. aucheri were 1.6mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively. The outcome of two drugs combination on the mice showed antagonistic effects on the chloroquine - sensitive strain of parasite. Two weeks daily administration of A. aucheri had no toxic effect on the mice.A. aucheri individually can be effective in reducing the parasite while in combination with chloroquine loses its property. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4424 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4424/4073

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 889 895 Yunes Jahani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Eshraghian Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abbas Rahimi Foroushani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Keramat Nourijelyani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kazem Mohammad Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Arash Shahravan Kerman Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Mahin Alam Youth and Schools Health Unit, Deputy of Hygiene, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2015 10 15 Dental caries is one of the most preventable yet prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of family structure and behavioral and eyesight problems as they relate to caries severity in schoolchildren.This research was carried out on 845 primary schoolchildren aged 9 yr in Kerman, Iran, in 2012. Ten variables, including health records, family structure information and a dmft/DMFT index, were collected. Children were categorized into three groups based on the WHO caries severity classification. Low caries level was defined as dmft/DMFT<2.6, moderate as dmft/DMFT of 2.7-4.4 and high as dmft/DMFT>4.4. The Cochran-Armitage test and ordinal logistic regression were employed for data analysis.Almost half of pupils had moderate or high caries severity. The odds of being in a higher caries severity category in pupils with behavioral problems (OR=2.37, 95% CI: 1.29-4.38) and girls (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.22-2.06) were higher than in other categories. In addition, pupils with eyesight problems (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.90) and overweight pupils (OR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71) had lower caries severity than others. The effects of parents' education, birth rank, living with parents and consanguineous relationship between parents were not significant on caries severity (P>0.05).Female pupils with behavioral problems were at a higher risk of caries severity than other pupils. These pupils need to be educated and coached on proper dental care. In addition, overweight pupils and those with eyesight problems had less caries severity than others. Family structure in this study did not have an effect on the severity of dental caries. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4421 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4421/4070

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 896 902 Tahereh Pashaei Dept .of Public Health, School of Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran. ; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran. Davoud Shojaeizadeh Dept. of Health education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran. Abbas Rahimi Foroushani Dept .of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahmoud Ghazitabatabae Dept .of Health and social Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Moeeni Dept .of Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Rajati Dept .of Health education and Promotion, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Emran M Razzaghi Dept .of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 To evaluate the effectiveness of a relapse prevention cognitive-behavioral model, based on Marlatt treatment approach, in Opioid-dependent patients participating in the Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) in Iran.The study consisted of 92 individuals treated with methadone in Iranian National Center of Addiction Studies (INCAS). Participants were randomized into two groups: educational intervention group (N=46) and control group (N=46). The intervention was comprised of 10 weekly 90 minute sessions, done during a period of 2.5 months based on the most high risk situations determined using Inventory Drug Taking Situation instrument. Relapse was defined as not showing up for MMT, drug use for at least 5 continuous days, and a positive urinary morphine test.While, only 36.4% of the intervention group relapsed into drug use, 63.6% of the control group relapsed. The result of the logistic regressions showed that the odd ratio of the variable of intervention program for the entire follow up period was 0.43 (P<0.01). Further, the odd ratio of this variable in one month, three months, and 195 days after the therapy were 0.48 (P<.03), 0.31 (P<.02), and 0.13 (P<.02) respectively that revealed that on average, the probability of relapse among individuals in the intervention group was lower than patients in control group.Relapse prevention model based on Marlatt treatment approach has an effective role in decreasing relapse rate. This model can be introduced as a complementary therapy in patients treated with methadone maintenance. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4419 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4419/4068

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 903 914 Vahid Changizi Dept. of Technology of Radiology and Radiotherpay, Allied Medical Sciences School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Elham Shafiei Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Zareh Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. 2015 10 15 Natural background radiation is the main source of human exposure to radioactive material. Soils naturally have radioactive mineral contents. The aim of this study is to determine natural ((238) U, (232) Th, (40) K) and artificial ((137) Cs) radioactivity levels in wheat and corn fields of Eilam province.HPGe detector was used to measure the concentration activity of (238) U and (232) Th series, (40) K and (137) Cs in wheat and corn samples taken from different regions of Eilam province, in Iran.In wheat and corn samples, the average activity concentrations of (226) Ra, (232) Th, (40) K and (137) Cs were found to be 1, 67, 0.5, 91.73, 0.01 and 0.81, 0.85, 101.52, 0.07 Bq/kg (dry weight), respectively. H ex and H in in the present work are lower than 1. The average value of H ex was found to be 0.02 and 0.025 and average value of H in to be found 0.025 and 0.027 in wheat fields samples and corn samples in Eilam provinces, respectively. The obtained values of AGDE are 30.49 mSv/yr for wheat filed samples and 37.89 mSv/yr for corn samples; the AEDE rate values are 5.28 mSv/yr in wheat filed samples and this average value was found to be 6.13 mSv/yr in corn samples in Eilam. Transfer factors (TFs) of long lived radionuclide such as (137) Cs, (226) Ra, (232) Th and (40) K from soils to corn and wheat plants have been studied by radiotracer experiments.The natural radioactivity levels in Eilam province are not at the range of high risk of morbidity and are under international standards. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4418 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4418/4067

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 915 920 Zahra Esfandiari Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Mohammad Badiey Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Pooya Mahmoodian Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Reza Sarhangpour Ebnesina Food Lab., Isfahan, Iran. Elham Yazdani Ebnesina Food Lab., Isfahan, Iran. Maryam Mirlohi Food Security Research Center, Department of Food Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2015 10 15 Regarding the public health concerns over the use of food preservatives in yoghurt drink "Doogh", the aim of this study was the determination of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and natamycin in Doogh. Based on Iranian national standard, none of these preservatives are permitted to be used in Doogh.A total of 39 Doogh samples were analyzed through RP-HPLC in order to quantify sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and natamaycin simultaneously. Exposure to each preservative is estimated by mean and maximum concentrations as the residue levels. The per capita Doogh consumption was calculated by the published data from official reports for Doogh annual production in Iran.All samples were shown to contain sodium benzoate while natamaycin was detected in 10.25% of the samples and potassium sorbate was not detected in any of them. Sodium benzoate concentration extremely varied among the investigated samples ranged from 0.94 to 9.77 mg/l. Due to the result of the exposure estimation, no serious public health concern would exist regarding the mentioned preservatives.The detection of sodium benzoate in all Doogh samples could indicate the natural production of benzoic acid in yoghurt. Sodium benzoate may be formed through the interaction of the added food grade salt to the Doogh formula which contains benzoic acid. The results of exposure estimation show the lack of health risk within the usage of preservatives in spite of the national regulatory agencies does not permit the preservative use. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4416 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4416/4065

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 921 922 Qing Sun Dept. of Hyperbaric Medicine, No.401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China. Qun Xin Dept. of General surgery, No.401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China. Li Wei Office of Administration, No.401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China. Chengjun Liu Office of Administration, No.401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China. Guangkai Gao Dept. of Hyperbaric Medicine, No.401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4414 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4414/4063

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 923 924 Jaya Prasad Tripathy Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4412 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4412/4061

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 8 2013 08 15 925 926 Jacques Banyangiriki Dept of Physiotherapy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. Joliana Phillips Dept of Physiotherapy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2015 10 15 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4410 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4410/4059<