Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1169 1175 Yazhen DI Shilling ZHONG Ling WU Yunyan LI Nan SUN 2015 10 12 2015 10 12 Background: Limited studies have focused on the association between the protein tyrosine phosphates non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) genetic polymorphisms and Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) susceptibility in different populations, but the results were inconclusive. Therefore, this meta-analysis of PTPN22 polymorphism (1858 C＞T) was performed to get a precise systematic estimation. The "rs" number  of the PTPN22 polymorphism (1858 C＞T) is 4. Methods: A systematic literature search strategy was carried out using English databases (PubMed, Embase.) for the eligible studies. We ultimately identified 11 records from 10 articles involving the relationship between PTPN22 genetic polymorphisms and JIA risk from PubMed and Embase databases. Overall, 4552 cases and 10161 controls were investigated in this study to evaluate the association between PTPN22 (C allele vs. T allele) genotype and JIA susceptibility. Results: Analysis using random effects model showed an increased risk of JIA with T allele of rs2476601 vs. A allele (P<0.001). Subgroup analysis suggested that the PTPN22 polymorphism (1858C＞T) was significantly associated with JIA risk in America population (OR=1.52, 95%CI:1.30-1.78). Additionally, the subgroup analysis also showed that the associations were still significant in case number more than 500 (OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.83), while in the case number less than 500 was OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.39-1.72. Conclusions: SNPs of PTPN22 (1858C＞T) showed an increased risk of developing JIA.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3386 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3386/3095

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1176 1186 Yang-Hyun KIM Kyunghee KIM Kyung-do Han Ji-su KIM 2015 10 12 2015 10 12 Background: Cancer-screening programs are effective in reducing cancer prevalence and mortality; however, cancer remains the leading cause of death in elderly people in Korea. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with elders’ participation in the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) and differences in screening rates by gender. Methods: Original data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. The sample consisted of 5,505 elderly individuals over age 60. Selected demographic variables, cancer screening participation, physical and psychological health status, and lifestyle were examined. Results: The NCSP participation rates decreased in both men and women as age increased. Private medical insurance (OR 95% CI: 1.04–1.78), one or more chronic disease (OR 95% CI: 1.07–1.71), and current smoker (OR 95% CI: 0.52–0.94) had the strongest associations with cancer screening participation among men after multivariate adjustment. In contrast, cancer screening participation among women was significantly associated only with living place (OR 95% CI: 1.06–2.203) after multivariate adjustment. Conclusions: Effective health promoting interventions for elders require individualized programs that address gender-related factors associated with elders’ participation in cancer screening programs. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3387 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3387/3096

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1187 1195 Yan HUANG Rongsheng MI Wei CAO Peng ZHOU Kai SHI Xiaojiao YANG Xiaojuan WANG Xiangpei WANG Zhaoguo CHEN 2015 10 12 2015 10 12 Background: Rhoptries are unique secretory/excretory organelles that are found exclusively in the Apicomplexa, and their contents are discharged at the time of invasion and are critical in the establishment of productive infection. Several rhoptry proteins have been identified in Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum and Neospora caninum and have been linked not only with the parasites’ adhesion and invasion processes but also with their intracellular pathways. To date, only one Cryptosporidium parvum rhoptry protein candidate related to TgRON1 of T. gondii and PfASP of P. falciparum has been reported. Methods: Subcellular fractionation of sporozoites was performed to obtain highly purified organelles. One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was applied for fraction analysis, and 22 potential novel rhoptry proteins were detected by protein domain analysis using online softwares. Results: Twenty-two potential novel rhoptry proteins were detected. A protein with T. gondii and N. caninum rhoptry protein homologs and some proteins with domains similar to that of T. gondii rhoptry proteins were identified. Conclusion: These novel candidate proteins may be considered targets for researching the invasion pathway of C. parvum and the pathogenic mechanisms of rhoptry proteins. The present work provides a starting point towards the elucidation of the repertoire and function of C. parvum rhoptry proteins.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3388 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3388/3097

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1196 1203 Cenk CONKBAYIR Burak AYÇA E. Baris ÖKÇÜN 2015 10 12 2015 10 12 Background: We aimed to analyze the association between lipid variables and the extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in non-diabetic Turkish Cypriots. Methods: Overall, 412 patients (mean (SD) age: 58.8 (10.5) yr, 50.1% male) who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography were included in this single-center, cross-sectional study. The Friesinger index (FI) was used to assess the extent and severity of CAD. The lipid variables [total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglyceride (TG) levels and the TG/HDL-C ratio] were categorized into quartiles and evaluated regarding extensive/severe CAD. Potential risk factors in the Turkish Cypriot cohort were evaluated as predictors of CAD in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. The population of this study are non-diabetic Turkish Cypriots which are administrated North Cyprus. Results: The mean (SD) Friesinger index was 6.9 (4.4), and 59.0% of the patients exhibited a Friesinger index category of ≥5. In the univariate analysis, extensive/severe CAD was directly related to total triglycerides (P=0.01) and TG/HDL-c quartiiles (P=0.001) and inversely related to HDL-c quartiles (P=0.001). In the multivariate model, diabetes (OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 1.3 - 19.2; P=0.02), male gender (OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 0.95 - 10.3; P=0.06) and high TG/HDL-c ratio (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3 - 3.8; P=0.004 in the overall population and OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4 - 2.3; P=0.003 except diabetics) were the significant predictors of CAD. Conclusion: We found a significant relationship between the lipid quartiles and the extent and severity of CAD based on the Friesinger index. Male gender, co-morbid diabetes and the TG/HDL-C ratio also played significant roles in predicting CAD risk in non-diabetic Turkish Cypriots.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3389 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3389/3098

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1204 1211 Hassan HASHEMI Mehdi KHABAZKHOOB Farhad REZVAN Koroush ETEMAD Hamidreza GILASI Soheila ASGARI Alireza MAHDAVI Sara SOROUSH Abbasali YEKTA Akbar FOTOUHI 2015 10 12 2015 10 12 Background: Considering population aging in Iran and the importance of cataract surgery in the old age, this study was performed to show the cataract surgical rate (CSR) between 2006 and 2010 in Tehran Province. Methods: Eighteen centers were randomly selected from cataract surgery centers in Tehran. In each center, one week in every season was randomly selected and the number of cataract surgeries in the week was calculated. In total, 20 weeks were selected in each center in five years. Results: The CSR increased linearly from 8011 cases per 1,000,000 population in 2006 to 12465 cases per 1,000,000 population in 2010. As for patients below 40 years of age, the percentage of the male patients was more while after the age of 40 years, the percentage of the female patients was more in all age groups. At least 96.2% of the surgeries in each year were performed using the phacoemulsification method. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of outpatient surgery increased from 48.7% to 72.5%. On the other hand, hospitalization for one night or more had a decreasing trend from 2006 to 2010. Conclusion: During 2006-2010, the CSR was acceptable in Tehran in comparison with other studies. However, attention should be paid to the increase in the population of the elderly people. Although more than 95% of the surgeries in the Province of Tehran are performed using the phacoemulsification method, the rate should increase to 100% in the eligible cases.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3390 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3390/3099

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1212 1218 Laleh SHARIFI Zahra POURPAK Mohammad Reza FAZLOLLAHI Saied BO­KAIE Hamid Reza MOEZZI Anoushirvan KAZEMNEJAD Mostafa MOIN 2015 10 12 2015 10 12 Background: High prevalence and increasing rate of asthmatic patients around the word witnesses the high burden of asthma. We have limited data on asthma burden and economic costs in Iran. This study aimed to find direct and indirect economic costs of asthma and their association with some background factors in one of the referral tertiary centers for adult patients with asthma. Methods: We surveyed asthma related economic costs of 197 adult patients who referred to Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran from Jun 2007 to January 2010. The patients were followed up for a period of one-year ±1 month and asthma related costs and its control status were registered. Results: Patients were consisted of 125 (64.1%) females and 70 (35.9%) males. Total cost of asthma was 590.22 ±32.18 USD for one patient per one year, the cost of drug, paraclinic, doctor visit, hospitalization, emergency, transportation, and absent days were 327.02, 4.76, 35.44, 3.82, 0.26, 113.03, 105.89 USD respectively. Men showed a significant elevation in their total (P=0.009) and drug costs (P=0.028). In addition, we found significant differences between total asthma costs and asthma control status (P=0.002). Conclusions: According to the high proportion of asthma, related cost compare to Total Income of an Iranian family, the necessity of public coverage of health assurance is quite clear. We suggest that improving asthma management and accessibility to specialized treatment centers can result in decreasing asthma medication and transportation costs as major direct and indirect asthma related costs.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3391 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3391/3100

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1219 1224 Parisa ILBEIGI Mehdi MOHEBALI Eshrat Beigom KIA Mohammad SABERINASAB Mojgan ARYAEIPOUR Negar BIZHANI Mohammad Bagher ROKNI 2015 10 12 2015 10 12 Background: The aim of this study was to conduct a sero-epidemiological survey in Isfahan City and suburb areas, central Iran to detect the rate of human hydatidosis using ELISA test. Methods: Overall, 635 serum samples were collected from subjects referred to different health centers in urban and rural regions of the city. Sera were analyzed using Ag-B ELISA test. Ten μg/ml antigens, serum dilutions of 1:500 and conjugate anti-human coombs with 1:10000 dilutions were utilized to perform the test. All subjects filled out a questionnaire and an informed consent. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18 software. Cut-off was calculated as X+3 SD. Results: Cut-off value was calculated 0.19. Seven cases (1.1%) were seropositive for hydatidosis by ELISA test. The sero-prevalence of hydatidosis was 0.27% among females and 2.24% among males (P=0.019). Age group of 60-69 years old, with 2.59% as prevalence had the highest rate of positivity. There was no significant difference as regards age groups, job, residency, contact by dog and literacy. According to job, self-employed people had the highest rate of infection as 3.05%. The sero-prevalence of infection was 1.14% in diploma and 1.13% in illiterates. As regards residency, urban life (1.49%) showed no significant difference with rural life. Conclusion: The rate of prevalence in this region showed that necessary cautions should be taken into account to monitor the spread of human hydatidosis in this region. In comparison with other studies, the rate of infection was roughly less than other regions.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3392 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3392/3101

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 9 2015 10 12 1225 1233 Rajabali DAROUDI Ali AKBARI SARI https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2633 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2633/2613

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 59 65 K Ghatreh Samani Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, I M Noori Drug Applied Research Center and Biotechnology Research Canter, Tabriz University of Medical Scienc M Rohbani Nobar Drug Applied Research Center and Biotechnology Research Canter, Tabriz University of Medical Scienc M Hashemzadeh Chaleshtory Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran E Farrokhi Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran M Darabi Amin Drug Applied Research Center and Biotechnology Research Canter, Tabriz University of Medical Scienc 2015 10 03 Background: The T allele of the hepatic lipase (HL) C-514T polymorphism was previously found to be associated with lower plasma HL activity. Here, we examined the association between this polymorphism and plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in patients with coronary arteries stenosis. Methods: We studied 342 subjects undergoing coronary angiography in two groups of non CAD (n=146) and CAD (n=196). -514C→T polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: After adjustment  for age, smoking  and body mass index, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher  in men with the C/T&T/T genotype than those with the C/C genotype(mean 38.6 and 34.7 respectively P=0.01). The frequency of T allele in non CAD was 0.136 and 0.226 in female and male respectively and 0.170 and 0.223 for female and male in CAD subjects. There was no difference in T allele frequency in CAD and none CAD groups in male and female (P=0.466 and 0.722 respectively). Conclusion: -514C→T of LIPC gene have a positive effect on HDL-C concentration especially in male gender. However, no difference was determined in frequency of T allele between CAD and normal arteries subjects. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2634 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2634/2614

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 66 72 MR Baneshi Reserch Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran H Faramarzi Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz M Marzban Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Scien 2015 10 03 Background: Diagnostic models are frequently used to assess the role of risk factors on disease complications, and therefore to avoid them. Missing data is an issue that challenges the model making. The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic model to predict death in HIV/ AIDS patients when missing data exist. Methods: HIV patients (n=1460) referred to Voluntary Consoling and Testing Center (VCT) of Shiraz southern Iran during 2004-2009 were recruited. Univariate association between variables and death was assessed. Only variables which had univariate P< 0.25 were selected to be offered to the Multifactorial models. First, patients with missing data on candidate variables were deleted (C-C model). Then, applying Multivariable Imputation via Chained Equations (MICE), missing data were imputed. Logistic regression was fitted to C-C and imputed data sets (MICE model). Models were compared in terms of number of variables retained in the final model, width of confidence intervals, and discrimination ability. Result: About 22% of data were lost in C-C model. Number of variables retained in the C-C and MICE models was 2 and 6 respectively. Confidence Intervals (C.I.) corresponding to C-C model was wider than that of MICE. The MICE model showed greater discrimination ability than C-C model (70% versus 64%). Conclusion: The C-C analysis resulted to loss of power and wide CI's. Once missing data were imputed, more variables reached significance level and C.I.'s were narrower. Therefore, we do recommend the application of the imputation method for handling missing data. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2635 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2635/2615

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 73 78 A Entezari Educational Development Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran MA Javadi Ophthalmology Research Center, Labbafi Nejad Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Scienc B Einollahi Ophthalmology Research Center, Labbafi Nejad Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Scienc 2015 10 03 Background: Academic medicine is in a state of dramatic transformation. For this reason strategic thinking is the most essential part of educational planning. The main purpose of the present study was developing the strategic educational planning of Ophthalmology in Iran from 2007 to 2010 Methods: A qualitative investigation using focus group discussion has been implemented successfully for developing educational planning. Six to twelve representatives of key stakeholders in the ophthalmic education of Iran participated to this study. Results: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of ophthalmology education in Iran were analyzed. Strategic goals in education, research, and health service providing domains were being developed. Educational goals were defined as training of human resources in accordance with the community needs at the level of general practitioner, specialist, and fellowships in ophthalmology. Research goals of the program were defined as scientific inter-departmental and international communications, in order to promote the level of education, research, and treatment in the country. Also, in the field of health services according to the community needs, providing services by the means of advanced and cost effective methods were defined as strategic objectives. Conclusion: Based on this strategic plan in the last three years ophthalmic education in Iran shall be many changes in educational, research and health care provision for social accountability. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2636 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2636/2616

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 79 86 A Rafiee Dept. of Marine Biology, Sciences & Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran SMR Fatemi Dept. of Marine Biology, Sciences & Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran S Jamili Dept. of Marine Biology, Sciences & Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran S Ajdari Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran F Riazi-rad Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran A Memarnejadian Dept. of Hepatitis and Aids, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran MH Alimohammadian Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Background: Ferroportin (Fpn), a regulator of iron homeostasis is a conserved membrane protein that exports iron across the enterocytes, macrophages and hepatocytes into the blood circulation. Fpn has also critical influence on survival of microorganisms whose growth is dependent upon iron, thus preparation of Fpn is needed to study the role of iron in immunity and pathogenesis of micoorganisms. Methods: To prepare and characterize a recombinant ferroportin, total RNA was extracted from Indian zebrafish duodenum, and used to synthesize cDNA by RT-PCR. PCR product was first cloned in Topo TA vector and then subcloned into the GFP expression vector pEGFP-N1. The final resulted plasmid (pEGFP-ZFpn) was used for expression of Fpn-EGFP protein in Hek 293T cells. Results: The expression was confirmed by appearance of fluorescence in Hek 293 T cells. Recombinant Fpn was further characterized by submission of its predicted amino acid sequences to the TMHMM V2.0 prediction server (hidden Markov model), NetOGlyc 3.1 and NetNGlyc 3.1 servers. The obtained Fpn from indian zebrafish also contained eight transmembrane domains with N- and C-termini inside the cytoplasm and harboured 78 O-glycosylated amino acids. Conclusion: The recombinant Fpn from Indian zebra fish was successfully expressed in Hek 293 cell line. Although the discrepancy in two amino acids was observed in our produced Fpn and resulted in an additional O-glycosylation site, but had no effect on the topology of the protein compared to other Fpn described by other researchers. Therefore this construct can be used in future iron studies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2637 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2637/2617

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 87 95 M Mirmohammadkhani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Scien A Rahimi Foroushani Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Scien F Davatchi Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran K Mohammad Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Scien A Jamshidi Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran A Tehrani Banihashemi Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran, Iran K Holakouie Naieni National Institute of Health Research, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Background: The aim of the article is demonstrating an application of multiple imputation (MI) for handling missing clinical data in the setting of rheumatologic surveys using data derived from 10291 people participating in the first phase of the Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disorders (COPCORD) in Iran. Methods: Five data subsets were produced from the original data set. Certain demographics were selected as complete variables. In each subset, we created a univariate pattern of missingness for knee osteoarthritis status as the outcome variable (disease) using different mechanisms and percentages. The crude disease proportion and its standard error were estimated separately for each complete data set to be used as true (baseline) values for percent bias calculation. The parameters of interest were also estimated for each incomplete data subset using two approaches to deal with missing data including complete case analysis (CCA) and MI with various imputation numbers. The two approaches were compared using appropriate analysis of variance. Results: With CCA, percent bias associated with missing data was 8.67 (95% CI: 7.81-9.53) for the proportion and 13.67 (95% CI: 12.60-14.74) for the standard error. However, they were 6.42 (95% CI: 5.56-7.29) and 10.04 (95% CI: 8.97-11.11), respectively using the MI method (M=15). Percent bias in estimating disease proportion and its standard error was significantly lower in missing data analysis using MI compared with CCA (P< 0.05). Conclusion: To estimate the prevalence of rheumatic disorders such as knee osteoarthritis, applying MI using available demographics is superior to CCA. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2638 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2638/2618

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 96 106 F Mousavi Dept. of Social Medicine, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran AA Tavabi Dept. of Health and Treatment, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran E Iran-Pour Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran R Tabatabaei Polymer Science and Technology, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, B Golestan Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science 2015 10 03 Background: As insomnia is common, especially among the elderly in the nursing homes, we aimed to estimate insomnia prevalence among the elderly residing in nursing homes as well as to determine factors associated with insomnia in the elderly. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009 on 772 elderly residents at Kahrizak Nursing Home, Tehran Iran. The information was gathered through 5-part questionnaires by interviewing either the individuals or the nurses in charge and also reviewing the subjects' medical files. Eventually, the necessary data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests. Results: The mean age of the participants was 76.8 ± 8.05 years (range, 65 to 107 years). Based on the results, 303 (39.2%) of the elderly, including 86 (34.7%) men and 217 (41.1%) women, had insomnia syndrome. 433 (56.1%) participants complained of difficulty initiating sleep, 357 (46.2%) of disrupted sleep, 362 (46.9%) of early morning awakening, and 313 (40.5%) of non-restorative sleep. Our findings also showed that age (P = .004), number of diseases (P = .019), motility status (P = .017), sleep environment satisfaction (P < .001), cognitive status (P = .023), and functional autonomy (P = .003) were significantly associated with insomnia. Conclusion: Insomnia is a prevalent disorder amongst the nursing home elderly population, especially elderly women, and several pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical factors may trigger its occurrence. However, to prevent this problem, further studies are required in Iran and Middle Eastern region to establish a reliable understanding about insomnia patterns, causes, and cures. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2639 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2639/2619

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3335 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3335/3057

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1004 1007 EN Mohammad Taghi AKBARI Dept. of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran AND Tehran Medical Genetics Laboratory, Taleghani Ave, Tehran, Iran. Mojgan ATAEI-KACHOUI Tehran Medical Genetics Laboratory, Taleghani Ave, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Lamellar ichthyosis is one form of congenital autosomal recessive ichthyosis. To date, seven causative genes for ARCI have been identified. To understand further the genetic spectrum of the disease, we analyzed a four-generation Iranian family with ARCI that had observable inheritance. Exome sequencing data for one of the affected individuals with ichthyosis from a consanguineous Iranian family was analyzed. Potential candidate mutations were analyzed in addi-tional family members to determine if the putative mutation segregated with disease status. A novel homozygous mu-tation (p.D414V) in TGM1 and rs3027232 in ALOXE3 gene in heterozygous form were identified which segregated with disease status in the family. Bioinformatic studies with Polyphen-2 and SIFT showed that these variants are dam-aging. We identified a possible triallelic inheritance in this study. Moreover, this paper illustrates how advances in ge-nome sequencing technologies could be utilized to rapidly elucidate the molecular basis of inherited skin diseases which can be caused by mutations in multiple disease genes. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3336 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3336/3058

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1008 1011 EN Sam ZERAATIAN Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sara AMERI Dept. of Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran. Hanif TABESH Dept. of Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran AND School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nazafarin KAMALZADEH Dept. of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Every material that gastrointestinal system cannot digest will make a bezoar. Trichobezoar is the result of hair inges-tion whether self-hair or from others and is not a common disorder in humans. It is a hairball, which mostly has been seen in females at teenage, or adolescence. It usually locates in stomach but in rare conditions, it will pass through the intestine, and make the Rapunzel syndrome. Herein we present a 13-year-old girl suffering from gastric trichobezoar presenting with failure to thrive. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3337 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3337/3059

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1012 1013 EN Andrei CSEP Dept. of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. Ligia VAIDA Dept. of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. Simona BUNGAU Dept. of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. BiancaIoana TODOR Dept. of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3338 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3338/3060

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1014 1015 EN Zhenxing GONG Donglinks School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China. Jian ZHANG Donglinks School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3339 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3339/3061

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1016 1017 EN Burcu KAYHAN-TETIK Dept. of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey. Gamze BOZCUK -GÜZELDEMİRCİ Pediatric Dentistry, Ankara Atatürk Research and Training Hospital , Ankara, Turkey. Melek KILIÇ Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey. Hilal AKSOY Family Medicine, Etimesgut Community Health Center, Ankara, Turkey.