Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 892 901 EN Mohammad KHANAHMADI Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Allame Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Dariush D.FARHUD D.FARHUD School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam MALMIR Dept. of Exceptional Children Psychology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common problems for old peoples. Etiology of AD is not clear, but genetic factors play a major role in determining a person's risk to develop AD. Twin and family studies con-firm that AD has a genetic basis.AD genetics has been split into two broad categories: early-onset and late-onset. EO-AD cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. In this form, dominant mutations in genes like APP, PSEN-1 and PSEN-2 associated with AD. This study aimed to consider the role of genetic in AD. Method: At the first, most of the references in relation with genetic basis of AD searched from the following web-sites: PubMed, Science direct, Wiley & Sons (1995-2014). Then, the most common genes and their affects described briefly. Results: Aging is the most obvious risk factor for developing AD. There is a genetic basis for AD, of course this rela-tion is not complete but it is significant. Conclusion: More than thousand genes studied in relation with Alzheimer's disease. Against the improvements in understanding different aspects of AD, the accurate genetic foundation of AD remain unclear. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3324 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3324/3046

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 902 912 EN Mohammad MOHSENI Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahtab ALIKHANI School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sogand TOURANI School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saber AZAMI-AGHDASH Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Sanaz ROYANI School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad MORADI-JOO Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Discharge against Medical Advice (DAMA) is a problem for hospitals which may result in increasing readmissions, morbidities, inabilities, deaths and health care costs. This study, aimed to investigate the rate and causes of DAMA in Iranian hospitals. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted in 2014. Required data were collected through searching for key words included: "Discharge Against Medical Advice", "Leaving against medical advice", "causes*", "hospital" and their Persian equivalents, over databases including PubMed, OVID, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Magiran, scientific information database (SID). The reference lists of the articles, certain relevant journals and web sites in this field were also searched. Results: Out of 913 articles initially retrieved, finally 17 articles were incorporated into the study. There were 244858 individuals studied in the articles. Using a random effects model, the rate of DAMA in Iranian hospitals was estimated at 7.9% (6.3%-9.8%). While the highest rate of DAMA was associated with patients in departments of psychiatry (12%), the lowest rate was related to patients in departments of pediatrics (3.7). DAMA was in men more than women (P<0.05) Patient's perception of feeling of wellbeing, financial problems, family problems, the lack of attention from physicians and nurses, inappropriate behavior with patients by hospital team and the lack of timely care were men-tioned as main causes for DAMA. Conclusion: The rate of DAMA in Iranian hospitals is relatively high. Thus effective initiatives in this area are re-quired. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3325 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3325/3047

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 913 919 EN Yongbing LIU Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Yanru WANG Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Fang LIANG Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Yanli CHEN Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Liu LIU Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Yanfei LI Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Hua YAO First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Qingquan CHU Social Welfare and Social Affairs Office, Urumchi Civil Affairs Bureau, Xinjiang China. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: This study was to investigate the health literacy and influencing factors of older population in pension institution of Xinjiang, China. Methods: Elderly people were selected from 44 pension institutions in Urumqi, Changji, Karamay and Shihezi and from September 2011 to June 2012 using random layer sampling method. The investigation was carried out by Chi-nese citizen health literacy questionnaire prepared by the China Health Education Center. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: A total of 1396 elderly people met the inclusion criteria and their average age was (77.37 ± 8.48) years. Their average health literacy score was (77.37 ± 8.48) points, which was at a low level. There was significant difference in health literacy score among the factors of age, gender, race, education, household income, marital status and occupa-tion (P<0.05). The independent influencing factors of health literacy were education, race, occupation, household in-come, age and marital status (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis was conducted between the scores of health knowledge, health belief, health behavior, health skill and total scores of health literacy. Health knowledge scores and total scores had highest correlation (r=0.95), followed by health belief scores and total scores (r=0.81). Conclusion: The correlation between health behavior scores and health skill scores was the lowest (r=0.33). The ma-jor factors that lead to low health literacy in elderly people are femininity, minority and low levels of education. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3326 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3326/3048

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 920 930 EN Aristide Romaric BADO Dept. of Statistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. Sathiya Susuman APPUNNI Dept. of Statistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: This study aimed to analysis the inequalities of mortality of children under 5 years in West Africa by examining the determinants and contributing factors to the overall inequality concentration in these countries. Method: Data used came from the DHS surveys conducted in the six countries in West Africa: Burkina Faso (2010), Benin (2006), Cote d'Ivoire 2011), Ghana (2008), Mali (2006), Nigeria (2008) and Niger (2012). The concentration index (CI) and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with logit link were used to access inequality. Results: The results show that in all countries, the poorest Q1 have the highest proportions of deaths: Nigeria (31.4%), Cote d'Ivoire (30.4%) and Ghana (36.4%), over 30% of deaths of children under 5 years are among the chil-dren of the poorest (Q1) and the absolute differences of proportions Q1-Q5 are more than 20 points (25.8 in Ghana and 23.6 in Nigeria). The contributing factors of inequalities of child mortality were birth order, maternal age, parity and household size. Our findings also showed that the intensity of inequality varies from one country to another. Conclusion: The most important conclusion of this study is to reduce mortality in children under 5 years, it is needed to reduce economic and social inequalities and improve the country's economic and social condition. There is a need for monitoring and assessment inequalities by leading causes of death and morbidity among children in the region in order to advance in understanding the gaps and finding a way to reduce them in West Africa countries. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3327 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3327/3049

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 931 938 EN Chonticha KAEWANUCHIT Dept. of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand 13000. Carles MUNTANER Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto K51P8, Canada. Nizam ISHA Dept. of Management and Humanities, University Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia 32610. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Occupational stress is a psychosocial dimension of occupational health concept on social determinants of health, especially, job & environmental condition. Recently, staff network of different government universities of Thailand have called higher education commission, and Ministry of Education, Thailand to resolve the issue of gov-ernment education policy (e.g. wage inequity, poor welfare, law, and job & environment condition) that leads to their job insecurity, physical and mental health problems from occupational stress. The aim of this study was to investigate a causal relationship of occupational stress among the academic university employees. Methods: This cross sectional research was conducted in 2014 among 2,000 academic university employees at Thai government universities using stratified random sampling. Independent variables were wage, family support, periods of duty, and job & environmental condition. Dependent variable was stress. Results: Job & environmental condition, as social and environmental factor, and periods of duty as individual factor had direct effect to stress (P< 0.05). Family support, as family factor, and wage, as individual factor had direct effect to stress (P < 0.05). Both family support and wage were the causal endogenous variables. Conclusion: Job & environmental condition and periods of duty were increased so that it associated with occupation-al stress among academic university employees at moderate level. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3328 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3328/3050

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 939 952 EN Kamila SOBAS Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. Lidia WADOLOWSKA Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. MalgorzataAnna SLOWINSKA Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. Magdalena CZLAPKA-MATYASIK Dept. of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Poland. Justyna WUENSTEL Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. Ewa NIEDZWIEDZKA Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: The aim of this study was to demonstrate similarities and differences between mothers and daughters regarding dietary and non-dietary risk factors for bone fractures and osteoporosis. Methods: The study was carried out in 2007-2010 on 712 mothers (29-59 years) and daughters (12-21 years) family pairs. In the sub-sample (170 family pairs) bone mineral density (BMD) was measured for the forearm by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The consumption of dairy products was determined with a semi-quantitative food fre-quency questionnaire (ADOS-Ca) and calcium intake from the daily diet was calculated. Results: The presence of risk factors for bone fractures in mothers and daughters was significantly correlated. The Spearman rank coefficient for dietary factors of fracture risk was 0.87 (P<0.05) in whole sub-sample, 0.94 (P<0.05) in bottom tercile of BMD, 0.82 (P<0.05) in middle tercile of BMD, 0.54 (P>0.05) in upper tercile of BMD and for non-dietary factors of fracture risk was 0.83 (P<0.05) in whole sub-sample, 0.86 (P<0.05) in bottom tercile of BMD, 0.93 (P<0.05) in middle tercile of BMD, 0.65 (P<0.05) in upper tercile of BMD. Conclusions: Our results confirm the role of the family environment for bone health and document the stronger ef-fect of negative factors of the family environment as compared to other positive factors on bone fracture risk. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3329 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3329/3051

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 953 961 EN Xin LIU Blood Sampling Room, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China. Xu HE Dept. of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China. Ling LI Disaster Preparedness and Relief Center of Red Cross Society of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150008, China. Lili HUANG Dept. of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China. Zhaojun LIU Dept. of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Patients undergoing pacemaker implantation often experience anxiety and fear. As such, studies have focused on the mechanisms that relieve the negative emotions caused by the intervention. Continuous nursing is a safe and effective nursing mode. In this study, continuous nursing intervention was provided for elderly patients undergo-ing pacemaker implantation and an empirical investigation was performed to determine the effects of their negative emotion and disease-coping ability. Methods: Overall, 114 (68 males and 46 females) elderly patients who were undergoing pacemaker implantation from Harbin City (China), were enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into two groups, namely, the control group and the intervention group, based on different nursing methods. Routine nursing was applied to the control group; continuous nursing support was provided for the intervention group from January 2014 to January 2015. The nursing results of the two groups were compared. These results were also evaluated using self-rating depression scale, self-rating anxiety scale, and trait coping style questionnaire. Result: The effects of depression and anxiety intervention were significant in the intervention group (P<0.05). Com-pared with the control group, the intervention group did not significantly differ. The coping style of the intervention group elicited significant effects. Compared with the control group, the intervention group was significantly different (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Continuous nursing can relieve the negative emotion and improve the negative coping style of patients undergoing pacemaker implantation. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3330 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3330/3052

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 962 968 EN Hakim AZIZI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Bahram KAZEMI Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mojgan BANDEHPOUR Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali KHAMESIPOUR Skin and Leprosy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mojgan ARYAEIPOUR Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Mohammad Bagher ROKNI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Echinococcosis or hydatidosis is a chronic, zoonotic worldwide infection caused by the larval stage of the dog taeniid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Vaccination has been considered as one of the ways to prevent of hy-datidosis in recent decades. The aim of this study was to construct a pcDNA3.1 eukaryotic expression vector contain-ing the subunit 8-kDa antigen B (Hyd1) of E. granulosus (G1 strain) and investigate its capability to induce protein ex-pression in mammalian cell line, as a basis toward developing a DNA vaccine against hydatidosis. Methods: The coding sequence of HydI was amplified by PCR with the specific PCR primers from pQE/HydI, and then was sub-cloned into pcDNA3.1 plasmid as expression vector. The pcHyd1 plasmid was digested by restriction enzymes and amplified with the specific PCR primers to confirm cloning of this gene in pcDNA3 plasmid. In last step, the sub-cloned gene was expressed in mammalian cell line (NIH 3T3 cells). Result: The subunit 8-kDa antigen B (Hyd1) was successfully sub-cloned in pcDNA3.1 and Hyd1 protein was ex-pressed in eukaryotic cell confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Conclusion: Recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.1 was successfully constructed and express of recombinant Hyd1 protein was confirmed. That is promising step for forthcoming measures on providing vaccine against human and animal hydatidosis. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3331 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3331/3053

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 969 978 EN Fatemeh ATOOF Dept. of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza ESHRAGHIAN Dept. of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kazem MOHAMMAD Dept. of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza MORAVVEJI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Dept. of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Mohammad Reza SHARIF Dept. of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Mahmood MAHMOODI Dept. of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Twin pregnancies are commonly associated with low birth weight (LBW) infants. Most studies focus on growth of LBW compared with normal infants in singleton. However, there has not been any study on twins to com-pare LBW with normal birth weight (NBW) infants as a match control of the same twin. Methods: This cohort study was conducted at Healthcare centers of Kashan, in 2013. Twins differing in birth weight (one with LBW and the other with NBW) were assessed using the care charts in Well Care program in regard to weight, height and head circumference measurements at birth and after 6, 12, 24 months of age and were compared separately between all matched pairs and in four sex-twin subgroups which was defined according to the sex of each twin in pairs; SF(Same-sex: Female), SM(Same-sex: Male), LF(LBW: Female) and LM(LBW: Male). Results: Incidence of dissimilar twins in birth weight was 28.4%. The weight of LBW was significantly lower than the NBW cohort in SF and LF subgroups up to 24 months. The height of LBW was not significantly different from NBW cohort in SM and LM subgroups up to 24 month. Head circumference was significantly higher in LBW compared to NBW cohort in LM subgroup up to 24 month. However, these indices were significantly lower in LBW compared to NBW cohort in all pairs. Conclusion: Although LBW cohort was significantly lower than the NBW in growth indices at birth to 2 years old in all twins, however, highly variable results was observed in four subgroups of sex-twin. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3332 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3332/3054

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 979 986 EN Azam RAHMANI Dept. of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Effat MERGHATI-KHOEI Iranian National Center of Addiction Studies (INCAS); the Risk Behavior Institution. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Lida MOGHADDAM-BANAEM Dept. of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh ZAREI Dept. of Health Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali MONTAZERI Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Ebrahim HAJIZADEH Dept. of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Research on sensitive topics, such as sexuality, could raise technical, methodological, ethical, political, and legal challenges. The aim of this paper was to draw the methodological challenges which the authors confronted during sexuality research with young population in the Iranian culture. Methods: This study was an exploratory mixed method one conducted in 2013-14. We interviewed 63 young women aged 18-34 yr in qualitative phase and 265 young women in quantitative phase in (university and non-university) dor-mitories and in an Adolescent Friendly Center. Data were collected using focus group discussions and individual inter-views in the qualitative phase. We employed conventional content analysis to analyze the data. To enhance the rigor of the data, multiple data collection methods, maximum variation sampling, and peer checks were applied. Results: Five main themes emerged from the data: interaction with opposite sex, sexual risk, sexual protective, sex education, and sexual vulnerability. Challenges while conducting sex research have been discussed. These challenges included assumption of promiscuity, language of silence and privacy concerns, and sex segregation policy. Conclusion: We described the strategies applied in our study and the rationales for each strategy. Strategies applied in the present study can be employed in contexts with the similar methodological and moral concerns. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3333 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3333/3055

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 987 996 EN Zahra YADEGARI Dept. of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Dental Materials , School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mojgan BANDEHPOUR Dept. of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bahram KAZEMI Dept. of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Khojasteh SHARIFI-SARASIABI Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Amelogenins are the major components of enamel matrix proteins. Enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) can be used in periodontal diseases to regenerate periodontal tissues. The main aim of this study was to evaluate ex-pression of full-length functional recombinant human amelogenin (rhAm) in Iranian lizard Leishmania (I.L.L.) as an alternative eukaryotic expression system. Methods: Human cDNA encoding a 175-amino acid amelogenin expression cassette was sub cloned into a pLEXSY vector. The construct was transferred into Leishmania cells by electroporation. The protein production was surveyed in the transcription and the translation levels. The expressed protein was purified and some of its biological properties were investigated in comparison to EMD and negative control. Results: Expression of rhAm was confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot test in Leishmania cells. Purified rhAm sig-nificantly inhibited the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+) multinuclear cells in calcitriol stimulated mouse marrow cultures. Moreover, it significantly promoted proliferation and DNA synthesis in L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Conclusion: Functional rhAm was successfully expressed in I.L.L. Easy handling and post translation modification were the main advantages of this expression system. It is suggested to investigate molecular properties of this rhAm in the future. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3334 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3334/3056

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 997 1003 EN Ahmad HAERIAN-ARDAKANI Dept. of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mahsa REZAEI Dept. of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammadreza TALEBI- ARDAKANI Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasrin KESHAVARZ-VALIAN Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza AMID Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mansoor MEIMANDI Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azadeh ESMAILNEJAD Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azarnoosh ARIANKIA Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effects of three mouthwashes on su-pragingival plaque microbiota. The three mouthwashes under study were 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX), Listerine®, and Persica (PM). Water was used as negative control. Methods: Supragingival plaque samples were collected from 32 patients with gingivitis in the Dental School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in March 2014. Plaque samples were swabbed on agar plates and discs (previ-ously immersed in the three mouthwashes) were placed on the agar. The zone of bacterial inhibition (ZOI) was meas-ured after incubation for 24 hours. For the in vivo testing, the same plaque samples were inoculated on agar and the colony forming units (CFU) were counted. The patients were then instructed to use the mouthwashes (cases) and wa-ter (controls) for two weeks, after which plaque samples were again collected, inoculated and the CFUs were counted. Results: For the ZOI test, 0.2% CHX inhibited the growth of bacteria to an average diameter of 18.38 mm, while Listerine®, PM and water caused no inhibition of bacterial growth around the discs after 24 hours. The mean bacterial count after using 0.2% CHX for two weeks decreased by 23.13 CFU. This was followed by Listerine®, with a mean reduction of 19.75 CFU. PM resulted in 13.5 CFU decrease in the mean bacterial count, while water reduced the bac-terial count by only 1 CFU. Conclusion: 0.2% CHX inhibits bacterial growth considerably. All three mouthwashes can reduce total bacterial count after 2 weeks although with different mean bacterial count reduction. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3335 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3335/3057

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1004 1007 EN Mohammad Taghi AKBARI Dept. of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran AND Tehran Medical Genetics Laboratory, Taleghani Ave, Tehran, Iran. Mojgan ATAEI-KACHOUI Tehran Medical Genetics Laboratory, Taleghani Ave, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Lamellar ichthyosis is one form of congenital autosomal recessive ichthyosis. To date, seven causative genes for ARCI have been identified. To understand further the genetic spectrum of the disease, we analyzed a four-generation Iranian family with ARCI that had observable inheritance. Exome sequencing data for one of the affected individuals with ichthyosis from a consanguineous Iranian family was analyzed. Potential candidate mutations were analyzed in addi-tional family members to determine if the putative mutation segregated with disease status. A novel homozygous mu-tation (p.D414V) in TGM1 and rs3027232 in ALOXE3 gene in heterozygous form were identified which segregated with disease status in the family. Bioinformatic studies with Polyphen-2 and SIFT showed that these variants are dam-aging. We identified a possible triallelic inheritance in this study. Moreover, this paper illustrates how advances in ge-nome sequencing technologies could be utilized to rapidly elucidate the molecular basis of inherited skin diseases which can be caused by mutations in multiple disease genes. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3336 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3336/3058

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1008 1011 EN Sam ZERAATIAN Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sara AMERI Dept. of Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran. Hanif TABESH Dept. of Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran, Iran AND School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nazafarin KAMALZADEH Dept. of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Every material that gastrointestinal system cannot digest will make a bezoar. Trichobezoar is the result of hair inges-tion whether self-hair or from others and is not a common disorder in humans. It is a hairball, which mostly has been seen in females at teenage, or adolescence. It usually locates in stomach but in rare conditions, it will pass through the intestine, and make the Rapunzel syndrome. Herein we present a 13-year-old girl suffering from gastric trichobezoar presenting with failure to thrive. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3337 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3337/3059

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1012 1013 EN Andrei CSEP Dept. of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. Ligia VAIDA Dept. of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. Simona BUNGAU Dept. of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. BiancaIoana TODOR Dept. of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3338 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3338/3060

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1014 1015 EN Zhenxing GONG Donglinks School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China. Jian ZHANG Donglinks School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3339 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3339/3061

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1016 1017 EN Burcu KAYHAN-TETIK Dept. of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey. Gamze BOZCUK -GÜZELDEMİRCİ Pediatric Dentistry, Ankara Atatürk Research and Training Hospital , Ankara, Turkey. Melek KILIÇ Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey. Hilal AKSOY Family Medicine, Etimesgut Community Health Center, Ankara, Turkey. Bilge SÖNMEZ Family Medicine, Çerkeş State Hospital, Çankırı, Turkey. EnginBurak SELCUK Dept. of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey. Bora TETİK Dept. of Neurosurgery, Gazi Yaşargil Research and Training Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey. Şenay ZIR-HLI SELCUK Dept. of Pediatrics, Malatya State Hospital, Malatya, Turkey. Yusuf USTU Dept. of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3340 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3340/3062

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1018 1020 EN Arpan CHAKRABARTI Dept. of Life Sciences, Paschim Gabberia High School, South 24 Paraganas, India. Santanu CHAKRABORTI Dept. of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College, Siliguri, India. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3341 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3341/3063

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1021 1022 EN Yuee Huang Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China AND Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 231001, China. Tan Xu Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China AND Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. Wenjie Sun School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China AND School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3342 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3342/3064

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 3343 3343 EN Yuni AFRIANI Nutrition Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Desty E. PUSPANINGTYAS Nutrition Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Silvi L. MAHFIDA Public Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Wara KUSHARTANTI Dept. of Sport Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Arta FARMAWATI Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3343 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3343/3065

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1024 1025 EN Nazmul M HUQ Dept. of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Dhaka, Bangladesh. AbulQuasem AL-AMIN Int. Business School (IBS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. SushilRanjan HOWLADER Inst. of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. MohammadAlamgir KABIR Dept. of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3344 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3344/3066

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1026 1028 EN Nuran KARABULUT Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Mental Health Hospital, Elazig, Turkey. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3345 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3345/3067

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1029 1030 EN Mehdi HAGHI Dept. of Health Education, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mehdi GHARASI-MANSHADI Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3346 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3346/3068

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 1031 1032 EN Babak DANESHFARD Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran AND Essence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Milad HOSSEINIALHASHEMI Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Letter to the Editor https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3348 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3348/3069