Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 892 901 EN Mohammad KHANAHMADI Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Allame Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Dariush D.FARHUD D.FARHUD School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam MALMIR Dept. of Exceptional Children Psychology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common problems for old peoples. Etiology of AD is not clear, but genetic factors play a major role in determining a person's risk to develop AD. Twin and family studies con-firm that AD has a genetic basis.AD genetics has been split into two broad categories: early-onset and late-onset. EO-AD cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. In this form, dominant mutations in genes like APP, PSEN-1 and PSEN-2 associated with AD. This study aimed to consider the role of genetic in AD. Method: At the first, most of the references in relation with genetic basis of AD searched from the following web-sites: PubMed, Science direct, Wiley & Sons (1995-2014). Then, the most common genes and their affects described briefly. Results: Aging is the most obvious risk factor for developing AD. There is a genetic basis for AD, of course this rela-tion is not complete but it is significant. Conclusion: More than thousand genes studied in relation with Alzheimer's disease. Against the improvements in understanding different aspects of AD, the accurate genetic foundation of AD remain unclear. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3324 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3324/3046

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 902 912 EN Mohammad MOHSENI Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahtab ALIKHANI School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sogand TOURANI School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saber AZAMI-AGHDASH Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Sanaz ROYANI School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad MORADI-JOO Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Discharge against Medical Advice (DAMA) is a problem for hospitals which may result in increasing readmissions, morbidities, inabilities, deaths and health care costs. This study, aimed to investigate the rate and causes of DAMA in Iranian hospitals. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted in 2014. Required data were collected through searching for key words included: "Discharge Against Medical Advice", "Leaving against medical advice", "causes*", "hospital" and their Persian equivalents, over databases including PubMed, OVID, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Magiran, scientific information database (SID). The reference lists of the articles, certain relevant journals and web sites in this field were also searched. Results: Out of 913 articles initially retrieved, finally 17 articles were incorporated into the study. There were 244858 individuals studied in the articles. Using a random effects model, the rate of DAMA in Iranian hospitals was estimated at 7.9% (6.3%-9.8%). While the highest rate of DAMA was associated with patients in departments of psychiatry (12%), the lowest rate was related to patients in departments of pediatrics (3.7). DAMA was in men more than women (P<0.05) Patient's perception of feeling of wellbeing, financial problems, family problems, the lack of attention from physicians and nurses, inappropriate behavior with patients by hospital team and the lack of timely care were men-tioned as main causes for DAMA. Conclusion: The rate of DAMA in Iranian hospitals is relatively high. Thus effective initiatives in this area are re-quired. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3325 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3325/3047

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 913 919 EN Yongbing LIU Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Yanru WANG Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Fang LIANG Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Yanli CHEN Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Liu LIU Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Yanfei LI Dept. of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Hua YAO First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China. Qingquan CHU Social Welfare and Social Affairs Office, Urumchi Civil Affairs Bureau, Xinjiang China. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: This study was to investigate the health literacy and influencing factors of older population in pension institution of Xinjiang, China. Methods: Elderly people were selected from 44 pension institutions in Urumqi, Changji, Karamay and Shihezi and from September 2011 to June 2012 using random layer sampling method. The investigation was carried out by Chi-nese citizen health literacy questionnaire prepared by the China Health Education Center. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: A total of 1396 elderly people met the inclusion criteria and their average age was (77.37 ± 8.48) years. Their average health literacy score was (77.37 ± 8.48) points, which was at a low level. There was significant difference in health literacy score among the factors of age, gender, race, education, household income, marital status and occupa-tion (P<0.05). The independent influencing factors of health literacy were education, race, occupation, household in-come, age and marital status (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis was conducted between the scores of health knowledge, health belief, health behavior, health skill and total scores of health literacy. Health knowledge scores and total scores had highest correlation (r=0.95), followed by health belief scores and total scores (r=0.81). Conclusion: The correlation between health behavior scores and health skill scores was the lowest (r=0.33). The ma-jor factors that lead to low health literacy in elderly people are femininity, minority and low levels of education. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3326 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3326/3048

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 920 930 EN Aristide Romaric BADO Dept. of Statistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. Sathiya Susuman APPUNNI Dept. of Statistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: This study aimed to analysis the inequalities of mortality of children under 5 years in West Africa by examining the determinants and contributing factors to the overall inequality concentration in these countries. Method: Data used came from the DHS surveys conducted in the six countries in West Africa: Burkina Faso (2010), Benin (2006), Cote d'Ivoire 2011), Ghana (2008), Mali (2006), Nigeria (2008) and Niger (2012). The concentration index (CI) and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with logit link were used to access inequality. Results: The results show that in all countries, the poorest Q1 have the highest proportions of deaths: Nigeria (31.4%), Cote d'Ivoire (30.4%) and Ghana (36.4%), over 30% of deaths of children under 5 years are among the chil-dren of the poorest (Q1) and the absolute differences of proportions Q1-Q5 are more than 20 points (25.8 in Ghana and 23.6 in Nigeria). The contributing factors of inequalities of child mortality were birth order, maternal age, parity and household size. Our findings also showed that the intensity of inequality varies from one country to another. Conclusion: The most important conclusion of this study is to reduce mortality in children under 5 years, it is needed to reduce economic and social inequalities and improve the country's economic and social condition. There is a need for monitoring and assessment inequalities by leading causes of death and morbidity among children in the region in order to advance in understanding the gaps and finding a way to reduce them in West Africa countries. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3327 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3327/3049

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 931 938 EN Chonticha KAEWANUCHIT Dept. of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand 13000. Carles MUNTANER Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto K51P8, Canada. Nizam ISHA Dept. of Management and Humanities, University Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia 32610. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: Occupational stress is a psychosocial dimension of occupational health concept on social determinants of health, especially, job & environmental condition. Recently, staff network of different government universities of Thailand have called higher education commission, and Ministry of Education, Thailand to resolve the issue of gov-ernment education policy (e.g. wage inequity, poor welfare, law, and job & environment condition) that leads to their job insecurity, physical and mental health problems from occupational stress. The aim of this study was to investigate a causal relationship of occupational stress among the academic university employees. Methods: This cross sectional research was conducted in 2014 among 2,000 academic university employees at Thai government universities using stratified random sampling. Independent variables were wage, family support, periods of duty, and job & environmental condition. Dependent variable was stress. Results: Job & environmental condition, as social and environmental factor, and periods of duty as individual factor had direct effect to stress (P< 0.05). Family support, as family factor, and wage, as individual factor had direct effect to stress (P < 0.05). Both family support and wage were the causal endogenous variables. Conclusion: Job & environmental condition and periods of duty were increased so that it associated with occupation-al stress among academic university employees at moderate level. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3328 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3328/3050

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 939 952 EN Kamila SOBAS Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. Lidia WADOLOWSKA Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. MalgorzataAnna SLOWINSKA Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. Magdalena CZLAPKA-MATYASIK Dept. of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Poland. Justyna WUENSTEL Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. Ewa NIEDZWIEDZKA Dept. of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. 2015 10 11 2015 10 11 Background: The aim of this study was to demonstrate similarities and differences between mothers and daughters regarding dietary and non-dietary risk factors for bone fractures and osteoporosis. Methods: The study was carried out in 2007-2010 on 712 mothers (29-59 years) and daughters (12-21 years) family pairs. In the sub-sample (170 family pairs) bone mineral density (BMD) was measured for the forearm by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The consumption of dairy products was determined with a semi-quantitative food fre-quency questionnaire (ADOS-Ca) and calcium intake from the daily diet was calculated. Results: The presence of risk factors for bone fractures in mothers and daughters was significantly correlated. The Spearman rank coefficient for dietary factors of fracture risk was 0.87 (P<0.05) in whole sub-sample, 0.94 (P<0.05) in bottom tercile of BMD, 0.82 (P<0.05) in middle tercile of BMD, 0.54 (P>0.05) in upper tercile of BMD and for non-dietary factors of fracture risk was 0.83 (P<0.05) in whole sub-sample, 0.86 (P<0.05) in bottom tercile of BMD, 0.93 (P<0.05) in middle tercile of BMD, 0.65 (P<0.05) in upper tercile of BMD. Conclusions: Our results confirm the role of the family environment for bone health and document the stronger ef-fect of negative factors of the family environment as compared to other positive factors on bone fracture risk. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3329 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3329/3051

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 7 2015 10 11 953 961 EN Xin LIU Blood Sampling Room, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China. Xu HE Dept. of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China. Ling LI Disaster Preparedness and Relief Center of Red Cross Society of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150008, China. Lili HUANG 2019 12 02 Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on PRAS40Thr246 phosphorylation in gastric cancer cells. Methods: The study was conducted from April 2017 to January 2018 in Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. Gastric cancer cells were divided into three groups: gastric cancer cell group, LY294002 group and MK-2206 group. Specific tests were conducted accordingly.   Results: Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation and PRAS40Thr246 phosphorylation could inhibit proliferation and invasion and promote apoptosis of gastric cancer cells, and PRAS40Thr246 phosphorylation could activate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conclusion: The levels of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway related proteins and p-PRAS40Thr246 were significantly increased in gastric cancer cells. p-PRAS40-Thr246 was able to reflect the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, reflecting the sensitivity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibitors. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19068 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19068/6600

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2133 2139 Elham NAVIPOUR Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Mahbobeh NEAMATSHAHI Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center Social Determinants Health, Sabzevar University of Medi-cal Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Zahra BARABADI Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Mohammad NEAMATSHAHI Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Aghilallah KEYKHOSRAVI Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran 2019 12 02 Background: Alzheimer's disease is a chronic disease characterized by a progressive decline in mental abilities and quality of life alongside behavioral abnormalities associated with high economic burden. The purpose of this study was to investigate epidemiology and risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease in Iran. Methods: In this systematic review study, both Persian and English-language databases including Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, web of science and Magiran were searched using following keywords: epidemiology, Alzheimer, dementia and Iran without time limit up to 2017. Thirty articles abstract out of 50 studies related to this topics, were reviewed. Of which 12 full text entered into the quality assessment process and finally, four articles were selected for inclusion in this study and their results was extracted. Results: The total sample size of the 4 selected studies was 2781. The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the current study was estimated to be 2.3% in the population of 67-78 years old. Age, genetics, depression and hypertension were determined as the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, while daily listening to music, meeting weekly with friends and daily intake of vitamin E were considered as the factors with protective role in this disease. Conclusion: Alzheimer's disease is one of the main causes of functional dependence and mortality in the elderly people. Lifestyle changes and multiple mental activities in elderly increases the cognitive ability of these population, which will reduce direct and indirect costs of this disease. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19060 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19060/6594

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2299 2300 Rajko MILASINOVIC Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro Aleksandar CVOROVIC Belgrade Football Academy, Belgrade, Serbia Filip KUKIC Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia 2019 12 02 Abstracts  Abstracts Abstracts  Abstracts https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19089 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19089/6616

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2205 2209 Arwan ARWAN Postgraduate Program Students, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia & Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia Agustang AGUSTANG Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia Arlin ARLIN Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Pejuang Republic Indonesia Ma-kassar, Makassar, Indonesia Ahmad YANI Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu, Palu, Indonesia Dodi MAY PUTRA Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia 2019 12 02 Background: The discourse of HIV and AIDS determinants is dominated and developed by international institutions through WHO, UNICEF, and donor institutions. We aimed to look at the discourse in the HIV and AIDS prevention discourse by the elite. This research was conducted in 2019 in Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia in Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Methods: We used qualitative research aiming to obtain a full picture of a matter according to the human perspective studied. Results: There was a pressure from various groups so that all people who have the potential to increase the HIV and AIDS trends must be dealt with explicitly, even religious leaders urged to immediately close down the main source of the disease, namely prostitution, LGBT activities that are considered very contrary to culture and any religion. Conclusion: The discourse in the HIV and AIDS prevention discourse in Palu city has not yet occurred in the discourse synergy developed by the elite, even the program policies are domination and hegemony. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19070 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19070/6601

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2140 2153 Faranak FIROOZFAR Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Nahid JESRI Remote Sensing & GIS Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2019 12 02 Background: The scorpions have enjoyed medical importance from ancient times because of their morphological structure and venom. The identification of the species of these arthropods has been more emphasized than any other aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine scorpion’s fauna and mortality rates of their victims as reported in Iran. Methods: In this review, published documents during 1966–2018 related to medically important scorpions and mortality reports due to scorpionism were searched in the data bases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and etc., using key words including scorpion, species, classification, Iran, family, species, and the names of all 31 provinces of Iran. Results: Overall, 169 sources were found. Based on the STROBE checklist, the quality of the documents was also considered, and ultimately, 95 sources were selected. Sixty-four species of scorpions have been identified in Iran and 86% of the species belong to the Buthidae family, and the rest (9.5%, 4.5%) belong to the Hemiscorpiidae and Scorpionidae families, respectively. These species live mostly in tropical regions of Iran. The dangerous scorpions and their mortality reports are often recorded from southern regions such as Khuzestan and Hormozgan provinces. Conclusion: Due to the significant increase in the abundance of scorpions in Iran over the past 30 years, it is expected that this trend will continue by researchers, and the fauna of scorpions is regularly reconsidered. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19061 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19061/6595

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2301 2303 Horia MOCANU Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania Ionica ONCIOIU Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania 2019 12 02 Abstracts  Abstracts  Abstracts   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19090 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19090/6617

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2210 2215 Luo YA School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China Yu JIE School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China Yang MENGXUE Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China Wang PAN Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China Yang CHANGWEI Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China Xu JIE School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China 2019 12 02 Background: To identify serum nonylphenol (NP) and glucolipid metabolism-related proteins in Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Methods: We performed a hospital-based, case-control study in patients admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China from Mar to Nov of 2014. The study included 112 T2D cases diagnosed in accordance with the 2013 WHO Expert Committee Diabetes Diagnosing Criteria, and 125 healthy individuals with normal fasting blood glucose (FBG) when receiving physical examination in the same period in the Municipal Physical Examination Center. Blood samples from subjects in the 2 groups underwent detection of biochemical indices, including FBG, blood fat, and NP. Glucolipid metabolism-related proteins, including estrogen receptor (ER), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 5a (Wnt5a), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR­-γ). These indices were compared between the 2 groups to analyze the correlation between serum NP levels and glucolipid metabolic proteins. Results: The subjects in the diabetes group had higher triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), NP, ER, SREBP-1c, Wnt5a, FBG, and TG levels than the healthy group, but lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and PPAR­-γ than the healthy group. No significant differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were found between the two groups. The serum NP levels were shown to be positively correlated with SREBP-1c but negatively correlated with PPAR­-γ. Conclusion: The serum NP levels of T2D patients is higher than the levels in healthy controls, and its levels correlate with SREBP-1c and PPAR­-γ levels. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19072 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19072/6602

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2154 2164 Mojtaba ZIAEE Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran Reza HAJIZADEH Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Arash KHORRAMI Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran Nariman SEPEHRVAND Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB., Canada Saeideh MOMTAZ Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Samad GHAFFARI Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2019 12 02 Opiates are the second most prevalent abused illicit sub­stance after cannabis in the world. The latest United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report estimated 30% increment in opium cultivation worldwide. High prevalence of opium consumption in eastern countries may be due to the high availability and traditional misconceptions. Opium consumption has been linked to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery diseases (CAD). In this review, we will review the association between opium use, cardiovascular diseases, and clinical outcomes. The present evidence suggests that chronic opiate consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and related mortality. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19063 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19063/6596

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2304 2305 Zorica J. TERZIC-SUPIC Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Marina B. FISEKOVIC-KREMIC Primary Health Center New Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Jovana TODOROVIC Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Milena M. SANTRIC-MILICEVIC Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Dejan M. NESIC Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Goran Z. TRAJKOVIC Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 2019 12 02 Abstracts  Abstracts  Abstracts   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19091 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19091/6618

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2216 2223 Dariga SMAILOVA Department of Innovations in Science, Semey Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Erlan OSPANOV Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and ENT, Semey Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Meruert GAZALIYEVA Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology, and Microbiology, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan Dilyara KAIDAROVA Kazakh Institute of Oncology and Radiology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Oxana SHATKOVSKAYA Kazakh Institute of Oncology and Radiology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Zhanar ZAMANBEKOVA Department of Endocrinology, Semey Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Kuralay AMRENOVA Department of Personalized Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Tatyana BELIKHINA Semey Regional Oncology Center, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Tasbolat ADYLKHANOV Department of Oncology, Semey Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Ardak OMARBEKOV Department of Surgical Diseases №2, Astana Medical University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Marzhan DAULETYAROVA Research Office, Astana Medical University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Lyudmila PIVINA Department of Emergency Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Yuliya SEMENOVA Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and ENT, Semey Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan 2019 12 02 Background: The incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in most native Asian populations remain low although a gradual increase is observed over the last years. Methods: The statistical analysis of official data on prostate cancer mortality and morbidity was performed for the whole country and for Pavlodar Region. Results: The increase in the incidence of prostate cancer among the population of Kazakhstan is observed, which may be attributed to the introduction of screening program based on serum PSA. Still, the crude incidence rates in Kazakhstan are below world indices. Over the last few years, the decreasing prostate cancer mortality is observed that might be influenced by early diagnosis. The age-standardized incidence rates show that the majority of prostate cancer cases occur in advanced ages (70 years and older). Conclusion: More research is needed to determine the risk factors for prostate cancer, as well as ethnic and geographical trends for the population of Kazakhstan. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19073 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19073/6603

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2165 2176 Abbas SHAPOURI MOGHADDAM Department of Immunology, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Maryam ARFAATABAR Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kashan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kashan, Iran Jalil TAVAKOL AFSHARI Department of Immunology, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ali SHAKERIMOGHADDAM Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran AND Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Zahra MOHAMMADZAMANI Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran AND Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Azad KHALEDI Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran AND Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 2019 12 02 Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a major complication in patients who receive the kidney transplant. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial uropathogens isolated from Iranian kidney transplant recipients. Methods: We searched according to Prisma protocol for UTI infection, prevalence, occurrence and distribution of bacteria and their pattern of antibiotic resistance among Iranian patients who receive kidney transplant through online electronic databases with MeSh terms and text words in published references in both Persian and English languages during 1990-2017. Data analysis was performed using Comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA) by Cochrane Q and I2 Random Effects Model. Results: Eleven studies met the eligible inclusion criteria. The prevalence of UTI among kidney transplant patients varied from 11.7% to 67.5%. The combined prevalence of UTI was 32.6%. Among Gram-negative pathogens causing UTI, E. coli was the most dominant followed by Klebsiella pneumonia with prevalence 41.3% and 11.9%, respectively. Also, amongst Gram-positive bacteria, the highest prevalence belonged to Enterococcus spp. (9.8%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (9.4%). Also in Gram-negative pathogens, the most resistance was to ampicillin (91.2%), followed by ceftazidime (89.5%).  The minimum resistance was against imipenem with prevalence 14.3%. Conclusion: The combined prevalence of UTI was 32.6%. Gram-negative pathogens especially E. coli were the most agents of UTI in Iranian patients who receive kidney transplant. Also, in gram-negative pathogens, the most resistance was to ampicillin that it needs a new strategy for prophylaxis and treatment of UTI after the kidney transplant. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19064 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19064/6597

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2306 2307 Sang Soo KIM Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daugu, South Korea Woo Yeul BAEK Department of Sport Management, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea Sung Bum JU Department of Physical Education, Busan National University of Education, Busan, South Korea 2019 12 02 Abstracts Abstracts  Abstracts  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19092 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19092/6619

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2224 2231 Muhammad SAQLAIN Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Zainab AKHTAR Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Raheela KARAMAT Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Samra MUNAWAR Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Maria IQBAL Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Muhammad FIAZ Department of Pathology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Mubeen ZAFAR Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Sadia SAEED Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Muhammad Farooq NASIR Department of Entomology, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan S.M. Saqlan NAQVI Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Ghazala Kaukab RAJA Department of Biochemistry, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2019 12 02 Background: A number of anthropometric indices have been used in different world populations as markers to estimate obesity and its related health risks. The present study is large population based study dealing with five anthropometric obesity scales; Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), basal adiposity index (BAI), and Visceral adiposity index (VAI) to identify common adiposity trait(s) that best predict obesity and associated health complication(s). Methods: A total of 4000 subjects including 1000 in each category of BMI from four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Kahyber pakhtoonkha and Balochistan) of Pakistan from 2012-2017 were collected. Complete anthropometric measurementswere obtained and blood samples were collected and Biochemical profiling was performed. Descriptive statistics, linear regression, binary and multiple regression analysis was done. Results: Our data analysis explored the relationships of obesity five indices; BMI, WC, WHR, BAI, and VAI with common metabolic health complications. Effect size analysis clearly indicates that a unit increase in BMI significant raised all anthropometric and clinical parameters. General and sex specific association analysis of adiposity traits with risk phenotypes (hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia) indicated significant associations of WC with all three metabolic risks. Varying degrees of correlations of other adiposity traits with metabolic risks were observed. Frequency of different obesity classes among obese population group were as follows; 55.7% class I, 28.50% Class II and 15.80% Class III. Conclusion: WC is the strong predictor of obesity associated metabolic health issues in Pakistani populations. While BMI has significant increasing effect on other obesity indices like WHR, VAI and BAI. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19074 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19074/6604

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2308 2310 Jie SONG Department of Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China Ruihong LAN Department of Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China Humin GONG Department of Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China Linmei ZHENG Department of Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China Yang YANG Department of Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China Dahua YI Department of Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China Enze HU Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, P.R. China 2019 12 02 Abstracts Abstracts Abstracts https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19093 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19093/6620

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2232 2239 Mehmet Fatih AYDIN Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Karamanoglu Mehmetbey, Karaman, Turkey Emre ADIGÜZEL Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Karamanoglu Mehmetbey, Karaman, Turkey 2019 12 02 Background: We aimed to investigate the cystic echinococcosis (CE) epidemiology in Karaman Province from 2010 to 2017 using data from the provincial state hospital. Methods: Overall, 482 cases were determined from Karaman State Hospital, Karaman Province, Turkey from 2010 to 2017. Records were investigated in terms of year, gender, age, cyst location, rural and urban households and duration of hospital stay. Results: The CE incidence was 22.40 per 100 000 people after final diagnosis with focused abdominal ultrasound. Totally, 482 people including 166 (34.4%) male and 316 (65.6%) female were with CE. The mean age of patients was 50.3±17.48 yr. More CE cases were reported in the age group of 51-60 yr than in the other age groups. CE was mostly seen in liver (470, 97.5%). Moreover, 28.4% of patients were resided in rural areas. The observed frequencies of demographic features of female gender, infected liver, residence in provincial centers, referral to general surgery policlinic and no hospitalization were significantly higher than expected frequencies (P<0.05). Sixty (12.4%) patients with CE had been hospitalized. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between age of hospitalized patients and duration of hospitalization (P<0.05). Of the patients 73.2% were admitted to general surgery. Conclusion: CE is of great importance to public health considerations in the Karaman Province and we advocate the implementation of eradication programs to decrease the CE cases number. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19075 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19075/6605

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2311 2312 Jaroslav STANCIAK Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Monika MACKINOVA Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Martin SAMOHYL Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2019 12 02 Abstracts  Abstracts  Abstracts   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19094 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19094/6621

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 12 2019 12 02 2240 2248 Azad SHOKRI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Scien