Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 0 0 Bijan Sadrizadeh 2015 10 03 Dear Dr Farhud Editor in Chief   It is a well-known fact that in our daily life we can learn from everything including the good com­munica­tion practices among health professionals.                                                                Delayed communication is a challenge for effective health management in many parts of the world in par­ticular the developing countries.                                                                               Sometimes we learn lessons from a simple exchange of emails between a national public health officer and a WHO program manager. As an example, few weeks ago I sent the following email message to Dr Keiji Fukuda the Special Adviser on Pandemic Influenza to the Director General, World Health Organiza­tion as follows:     Dear Dr Fukuda    First of all I should  congratulate you for your excellent work including valuable information being con­veyed to the Member States through the WHO Site concerning  the most recent developments in the area of the new Influenza A (H1N1) so called Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. However, sometimes there is contra­dictory information placed on some of the popular sites of the world which is misleading .As an exam­ple, I would like to refer to the Yahoo News which refers to the interview of the Director General in Paris. I am sure the text published by the (AFP) is at least to some extent manipulated. Also the text of the Article is somehow different with the title. This is in contrast with the excellent document placed on the WHO site under the Global Alert and Response (GAR) entitled "preparing for the second wave: les­sons from current outbreaks of Pandemic (H1N1)2009, briefing note 9. Whereas I have no doubt about the fast and extensive spread of the pandemic. I personally disagree with the exaggerations being made by the media/press concerning the intensity and the dangers of the pandemic which creates a lot of tension among the populations and results in a great deal of unnecessary expenses due to over doings by the Member States. I believe, while we should closely and seriously continue to monitor the spread, trend and intensity of the pandemic and its impact on the health system, at the same time we should miti­gate its harmful effects on the populations and be prepared for unusual /unexpected changes of the vi­rus. In my view, we should not overestimate the magnitude of the problem as it may result in overspend­ing of the limited resources which are badly needed for other priority problems of the coun­tries. Furthermore, we may lose the trust and confidence of the decision makers and the communities, should we commit mistakes in our judgments or make unjustified recommendations. Although I have a lot more to say and share with you, I stop here and look forward to receiving your comments and guid­ance on the subject. Last but not least, may be because of the same reasons, as a member of the National Technical Committee on Influenza. Most of the times I have different views on the issues. That is why sometimes, I think either I am "Dumb" or others are "Deaf" or both.                    With best wishes                              Bijan     Surprisingly, I received the following response from Dr Fukuda the same day in two hours:   Dear Dr Sadrizadeh Thank you for your note. I think we are now entering into the most difficult period so far in terms of commu­nications. There is so much second guessing going on. Plus there is the usual reporting in which the reporters did not get it right. For example, after the Le monde article I believe the DG was quoted in some places as saying "unbelievable" rate when she said that the speed of spread is unprecedented, and that this H1N1 virus spread further in 6 weeks than in 6 months with previous pandemics. We are also see­ing stories which are simply a manipulation. Some of the issues, however, are also extremely difficult to explain. The spread has been very fast. Most people develop self limited illness. However, there is still much concern because those who die are more likely to die from an unusually rapid and severe respiratory failure, thought to be initiated by pri­mary viral pneumonia, rather than the causes usually seen with seasonal flu and those dying are also much younger. Finally, many countries have been able to function during the pandemic. However, some countries and their health systems have undergone extreme stress. Finally, we need to know what is going on now but must be prepared for the future- which could be a less severe disease, the same thing, or a more severe disease.                                                                                                                               Putting this all together in a way the regular person can understand has not been easy, so typically, a re­porter stresses one or another aspect and we often see imbalanced stories.          anyway I believe the answer is not to try and correct all of these stories one by one-an endless task-but to further develop our communications and information strategy so that WHO is more consistently put­ting out accurate information on a regular basis. We will step up.                                                                                                                                               It is very good to hear from you and best regards.   Keiji   The interesting point in the above exchange of emails is the fact that somebody in WHO has the respon­sibil­ity of dealing with the fourth global influenza pandemic, so called "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009" finds him­self under obligation to respond to somebody else who may not be even known to him, in a transparent, fast and  comprehensive manner. I firmly believe that the same type of communication should exist between the health professionals and man­agers everywhere, both within the countries and between the countries and the WHO, if we are go­ing to tackle the health problems of the world today successfully.   Yours sincerely Bijan Sadrizadeh President of Iranian Public Health Association   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3143 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3143/2942

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 1 9 AR Mesdaghinia Center for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran F Vaezi AH Mahvi K Naddafi M Alimohammadi 2015 10 03 Background: The goal was to upgrade and/or uprate the traditional non-contact array by producing few modifications in the configuration of this model in order to maximize light receiving of water from the UV lamp and a better disinfection.  Methods: An innovative non-contact model was made with a design based on irradiation of water, which was flowing as two thin waterfalls around a UV lamp in order to have direct germicidal rays from all positions of the lamp. By this water cir­culating and traditional water flow in an ordinary canal below the lamp, UV light would reach every drop of water effec­tively. Another model which had been studied was a simple stair type design in which a bare lamp was fixed over the shiny steel steps. Re­sults of water disinfection in two flow rates of 12 and 24 L/min were compared with traditional design at ex­actly similar conditions.   Results: Disinfection in this new model produced more reduction in fecal coliforms concentration than the traditional array and the inactivation efficiency was specified to be 3.65 log reduction compared to 2.93 log, in the turbidity of 0.5 NTU. Be­sides, this new model was quite capable in disinfection of water with high turbidities up to 20 NTU. Conclusion: The reduction in disinfection efficiency at higher flow rates for new model was much less than traditional ar­ray. Results of water disinfection in the simple stair type were not wonderful and even it was less satisfactory compared to tradi­tional model. The reason is that the flow of water was not set parallel to the length of the lamp. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3144 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3144/2943

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 10 20 M Shalileh F Shidfar SH Eghtesadi H Haghani I Heidari 2015 10 03 Background: Coronary heart disease is one of the most important problems of public health. One risk factor is dyslipidemia. Evidence from molecular and animal research and epidemiologic investigations indicate that calcium intake may influence lipid metabolism.But intervention studies have produced conflicting results.Objective of this study was to determine the effects of calcium supplementation on serum lipid profiles in the face of caloric restriction in obese adults. Methods: A double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial on 40 adults with Body Mass Index (BMI)>25kg/m² was con­ducted in Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2006.Subjects were maintained for 24 weeks on a balanced deficit diet (-500 kcal/d deficit) and randomly assigned to two groups with 1000 mg ca/d as calcium carbonate, or placebo. A General Linear Model was used for the analyses. Results:  There were no significant differences in variables at the 12th and 24th week between the two groups (P> 0.015). But the total cholesterol, LDL-C decreased significantly at the 12th and 24th week in the two groups compared to the initial values (P< 0.05). Ratios of TC/HDL-C,TC/LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C decreased significantly at the 12th and 24th week compareddto baseline only in the calcium group (P< 0.05). Similarly, TG and VLDL-C decreased significantly at the 24th week compared to baseline only in the calcium group (P< 0.05). Conclusions: Twenty four weeks of supplementation with 1000 mg ca/d did not have any effect on serum lipoprotein beyond what can be achieved in an energy restricted diet https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3145 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3145/2944

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 21 28 SH Salarilak HR Khalkhali R Entezarmahdi FG Pakdel HR Faroukheslamloo 2015 10 03 Background: Infant mortality is one of the main indexes in the assessment of a society's access to the primary health care ser­vices. Many factors are involved in this regard. The present study aimed at determining the structural association be­tween socio-economic variables and the rate of infant mortality rate. Methods: The required data and information were collected from the multiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS,1998), reports of the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) from the population indices in 2003, the project of Incomes and Costs of the Iranian Families (2002) and the National Health Survey on Iran (NHS- 1999). In this study dependent variable was IMR and in­dependent variable was demographic and socioeconomic factors. The data were analyzed by Path Analysis method. Results: According to the standardized coefficients, the illiteracy rate of the women aged 15-46 years is one of the main fac­tors that, not directly but indirectly awareness, attitude and performance of the women, increases IMR by as much as 0.8, partly about 0.3 due to the lack of access to the health services such as urbanity and the percentage of caesarean. In addition, the index of consumption costs has direct and decreasing effect of about 0.353 on the infant mortality rate. Conclusion: Reduction in women's illiteracy rate, increase of the families, welfare and the present of access to high quality services are the most important factors that decrease IMR.    https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3146 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3146/2945

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 29 34 E Saberfar A Najafi Z Goodarzi H Lashini 2015 10 03 Background: Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is a major cause of bird and human morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate a specific and sensitive multiplex RT-PCR that can simultaneously detect influenza type A viruses and differenti­ate the two most important subtypes of avian influenza viruses H7 and H9 subtypes. Methods: A multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was developed and optimized for the detec­tion of type A influenza virus. Simultaneously avian H7 and H9 hemagglutinin subtypes was differentiated. Three sets of specific oligonucleotide primers were used in this test for type A influenza virus, H7 and H9 heamagglutinin subtypes. Results: The mRT-PCR DNA products were visualized by gel electrophoresis and consisted of fragments of 313 bp for H7 and 428 bp for H9 hemagglutinin subtypes, and 101 bp for type A influenza virus. The common set of primers for type A influ­enza virus were able to amplify a 101 bp DNA band for any of the other subtypes of influenza A virus. Conclusion: The mRT-PCR assay developed in this study was found to be sensitive and specific.  No specific amplification bands of the same sizes (313 and 428 bp) could be amplified for RNA of other influenza hemagglutinin subtypes, nor spe­cific amplification bands of type A influenza (101 bp) for Influenza B, C, or other viral or bacterial pathogens tested in this study. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3147 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3147/2946

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 4 2009 12 15 35 45 M Babaei H Jaafarzadeh AR Sadjadi F Samadi A Yazdanbod M Fallah S https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3693 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3693/3367

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 218 27 Lyly Nazemi Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ingmar Skoog Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unite, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Ingvar Karlsson Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unite, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Saeed Hosseini Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry Research Center, Rozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mostafa Hosseini Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Javad Hosseinzade Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Alireza Mesbah-Namin Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Masoud Baikpour Dept. of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Malnutrition and dehydration are two most common types of ailments residents of nursing homes (NH) prone to. It is very important to assess these problems because they can predispose the residents to severe illnesses. The aim of this study was to gather information on nutritional status and its associated risk factors in elderly residents of NHs in Tehran, Iran. Methods: From 16 NHs in Tehran, 263 residents were randomly selected. Data were collected via questionnaires, including demographic characteristics, past medical history, present health problems and daily routines. The MNA questionnaire was used to gather information regarding their nutritional status. Results: The present study showed that 10.3% of the elderly residents in nursing homes were malnourished. 66.4% of males and 70.8% of females were at risk of malnutrition. Multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for confounders the following elderly-related factors were the independent risk factors of malnutrition: consuming half or less than of the food (OR=8.0, 95%CI=3.7-17.7), having no teeth or good prosthesis (OR=1.7, 95%CI=1.1-2.7), diabetes (OR=1.6, 95%CI=1.1-2.4), smoking (OR=0.6, 95%CI=0.3-1.2), studying (OR=0.4 95%CI=0.2-0.9) and praying in their free time (OR=1.8 95%CI=1.2-2.6). Conclusion: The subjects’ health-related factors and their free-time activities and nutritional behavior are the most important factors associated with poor nutrition among elderly residents of NHs; however, further investigation is needed to clarify the role of other factors in maintaining a suitable nutritional plan for them. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3691 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3691/3365

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 228 37 Alireza Ostadrahimi Dept. of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Akbar Taghizadeh Dept. of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Majid Mobasseri Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Bone Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Nazila Farrin Dept. of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Laleh Payahoo Dept. of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Zahra Beyramalipoor Gheshlaghi Dept. of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Morteza Vahedjabbari Dept. of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Diabetes is a global health problem in the world. Probiotic food has anti-diabetic property. The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of probiotic fermented milk (kefir) on glucose and lipid profile control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 diabetic patients aged 35 to 65 years.Patients were randomly and equally (n=30) assigned to consume either probiotic fermented milk (kefir) or conventional fermented milk (dough) for 8 weeks. Probiotic group consumed 600 ml/day probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria and control group consumed 600 ml/day conventional fermented milk.Blood samples tested for fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline and end of the study. Results: The comparison of fasting blood glucose between two groups after intervention was statistically significant (P=0.01). After intervention, reduced HbA1C compared with the baseline value in probiotic fermented milk group was statistically significant (P=0.001), also the HbA1C level significantly decreased in probiotic group in comparison with control group (P=0.02) adjusting for serum levels of glucose, baseline values of HbA1c and energy intake according to ANCOVA model. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol levels were not shown significant differences between and within the groups after intervention. Conclusion: Probiotic fermented milk can be useful as a complementary or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3688 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3688/3362

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 238 43 Arash Hemmati Dep. of Microbiology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Elham Hooshmand Dep. of Veterinary, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Mohammad Javad Hosseini Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: This study was conducted with the aim of determining surface water contamination with cysts of Entamoeba histolytica using PCR in Rasht City, Northern Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 49 water samples including 18 rivers and 6 wetlands were collected from different regions near the city of Rasht in autumn of 2012. After filtration using 0.22 µm nitrate cellulose membrane filters, the samples were examined using microscope and PCR method. Results: In microscopic examination, four samples of the 49 samples were positive for cysts of E. (histolytica / dispar / muschkovskii). By using PCR method and molecular analysis, one sample was positive for E. histolytica. Conclusion: In the molecular analysis, contamination by E. histolytica was proved in the waters of Rasht City. Further investigations including more samples and necessary preparations must be applied to prevent contamination. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3687 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3687/3361

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 244 53 Mohammad Hassan Abolhassani Dept. of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fariba Kolahdooz Aboriginal and Global Health Research, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada. Reza Majdzadeh School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammadreza Eshraghian School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahboubeh Shaneshin National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran. Se Lim Jang Aboriginal and Global Health Research, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada. Abolghasem Djazayery Dept. of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Food security is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. The objective of this study was to identify and prioritize major indices for determining food insecurity in Iran. Methods: Descriptive study using the Delphi method was conducted through an email-delivered questionnaire. Fortythree senior experts at national or provincial level were selected based on their work experience and educational background through study panel consultation and snowballing from Tehran and other cities of Iran. During two rounds of Delphi, participants were asked to identify priority indicators for food security at provincial level in Iran. Results: Sixty five percent of Delphi panel participated in the first round and eighty-nine percent of them participated in the second round of Delphi. Initially, 243 indices were identified through review of literature; after excluding indictors, which was not available or measurable at provincial level in Iran, 103 indictors remained. The results of study showed that experts identified “percentage of individuals receiving less than 70% of daily energy requirement” with a median score of 90, as the most influential index for determining food insecurity. “Food expenses as a proportion of the overall expenses of the family”, “per capita of dietary energy supply”, and “provision of micro-nutrient supply requirement per capita” with median of 80 were in the second rank of food security priority indicators. Conclusion: Out of 243 identified indicators for food security, 38 indicators were selected as the most priority indicators for food security at provincial level in Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3684 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3684/3358

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 254 62 Masoume Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parviz Azadfallah Dept. of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Sahel Hemmati Garakani Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Enayatollah Bakhshi Dept. of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Anxiety is one of the most common reactions that parents show while understanding their children’s intellectual disability due to Down syndrome. Anxiety leads parents not to develop appropriate relations with their children, subsequently their psychological health are at risk. The present study was aimed to determine the effect of problem-focused coping strategy training on psychological symptoms of mothers with Down child. Methods: This was an experimental study with pretest and posttest design with case and control group. Sixty-four mothers were selected randomly from Iranian Down Syndrome Charity Society. They completed Symptoms Checklist90-Revised (SCL-90-R). They were assigned to experimental and control groups in equal. Experimental group participated in 12 training sessions (once a week; 60 minutes for each session) and received problem-focused coping strategy program, but control group did not. After 12th session, all subjects completed SCL-90-R again. Analysis of covariance was used for analyzing the data. Results: There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between experimental and control group according to psychological symptoms and its components (phobia, depression, paranoid thoughts, psychosis, somatic complaints,  interpersonal sensitivity, obsession-compulsion, anxiety and aggression) after participation in intervention sessions. Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in psychological symptoms, phobia, depression, paranoid thoughts, psychosis, somatic complaints, interpersonal sensitivity, obsession-compulsion, anxiety and aggression of experimental group. Our findings showed that problem-focused coping strategy-training program led to improve family’s perception towards the child and subsequently promote of mental health of mothers with Down children. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3682 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3682/3356

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 263 8 Yu-Feng Wen School of Public Health, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China. Chao Jiang School of Public Health, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China. Xian-Feng Cheng School of Public Health, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China. Zhi-Ping Zhang Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Anqing City, Anqing, China. Bai-Feng Chen School of Public Health, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China. Yu Zhu School of Public Health, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China. 2015 10 14 Background: The MIRU-VNTR polymorphism and katG463 mutation are used to genotype the mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the correlation between them and INH-resistance were unknown. This study was aimed to explore whether ETRE polymorphism and katG463 mutation could predict the INH-resistance, and the relationship between ETRE polymorphism and katG463 mutation. Methods: The ETRE, katG463 mutation and drug resistance information of 109 M. tuberculosis strains were collected from online public database. We constructed the predictive diagnostic tool of ETRE polymorphism and katG463 mutation. Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between ETRE polymorphism, katG463 mutation and INH-resistance. ROC curve analysis and Z-test were used to evaluate the predictive ability of ETRE and katG463. The relationship between ETRE polymorphism and katG463 mutation was analyzed with Spearman correlation analysis. Results: The mutation rate of katG463 was 27.50%, and the h value of ETRE polymorphism was 0.67. KatG463 mutation was associated with INH resistance (OR=3.72). The INH drug resistance rate in VNTR≧5 group was 3.43 times higher than that in VNTR≦3 group (χ 2=24.77，P<0.01), and there was no significant difference of INH resistance between the VNTR=4 group and VNTR≦3 group. The areas under the ROC curve of two loci prediction diagnostic tools were 0.64 and 0.70 respectively. The katG463 mutation was significantly related to the ETRE polymorphism（r=0.79, P<0.01). Conclusion: Both katG463 mutation and the ETRE polymorphism can predict the INH-resistance of tuberculosis. The katG463 mutation was associated with ETRE VNTR polymorphism. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3680 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3680/3354

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 269 75 Nooshin Zarei Dept. of Sociology and Social Planning, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Aliyar Ahmadi Dept. of Sociology and Social Planning, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: There is a shift worldwide towards a diet that is high in processed foods and low in fiber, leading to a corresponding increase in degenerative diseases. These diseases are interrelated with lifestyles and especially with diets. The aim of this study was to investigate the eating habit differences between two generations of mothers and daughters and their tendency towards modern foods. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, the data were gathered using structured questionnaires. The sample of the study includes 618 women in Shiraz City (309 mothers and 309 daughters) selected through stratified random sampling. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS software . Results: In the mothers‟ generation, around 80% showed a traditional nutritional pattern while in the young generation more than 50% had a modern or close to modern pattern of nutrition (P ≤ 0.05). The findings confirmed a significant difference in dietary habits among the two generations. For both generations, nutrition pattern was significantly different in terms of social class, weight control, education, using mass communication,  and physical activities (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Iran is currently experiencing a nutrition transition. The current inappropriate habits in the lifestyles of the girls‟ in Shiraz are a health threat for them, and it will increase the risk of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, policy makers have to set new agenda to increase the nutritional knowledge of the population. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3678 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3678/3352

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 276 8 Hairong Chen Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China AND Dept. of Intensive Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Jinan, China. Yubo Liu Dept. of Radiology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China. Dawei Wu Dept. of Intensive Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China. 2015 10 14 Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is difficult to diagnose in the earlier stage owing to the non-specific symptoms. Usually, renal tuberculous involvement is unilateral and the imaging finding is renal calcification, but associated calcifications of bilateral ureter and bladder are rare. We report a 66-year-old man who presented with diffuse calcification of the urinary system (including bilateral pelvicalyceal system, both ureters and bladder) and disseminated miliary tuberculosis due to GUTB. He had been misdiagnosed with urinary tract infection and urinary lithiasis for two years before the diagnosis of GUTB was confirmed by microbiological examination of the urine. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of clinical suspicion for GUTB. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3676 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3676/3350

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 279 81 Anahita Sanaei Dashti Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Amir Nasimfar Pediatric Department, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Alireza Showraki School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Bita Gerami-Zadeh Pathology Department, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Human fasciolosis is deemed as an emerging/re-emerging infection, hence making it an important human parasitic disease. In contrast to northern parts of Iran, human cases of fasciolosis in southern Iran are rare and sporadic. We report a sporadic case of fasciolosis in southern Iran (Fars Province) who presented with prolonged fever. Our report could suggest that there might be new foci emerging in the region, which indicates the need for further investigations. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3674 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3674/3348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 282 4 Jiana Shi Dept. of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China AND Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Xiaojun Wang Dept. of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. Yin Ying Dept. of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. Lin Xu Dept. of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. Danyan Zhu Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. 2015 10 14 Mirtazapine is a new antidepressant that can increase noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. It is also a postsynaptic antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3. In addition, it has only a weak affinity for 5-HT1 receptors and has very weak muscarinic anticholinergic and histamine (H1) antagonist properties. We report a case of hypertensive urgency that ensued after a patient took a single low dose of mirtazapine. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3672 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3672/3346

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 285 6 Dharma Nand Bhatta Dept. of Public Health, Pokhara University, Nobel College, Nepal, Faculty of Medicine, Epidemiology Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3670 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3670/3344

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 287 9 Wen-Jen Chang Dept. of Information Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Yen-Hsiang Chang Dept. of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Hsu-Chuan Hsiao Dept. of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3668 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3668/3342

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 290 1 Mohammad Ashori Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Gholamali Afrooz Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Aliakbar Arjmandnia Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Masoume Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bagher Ghobri-Bonab Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3665 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3665/3340

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 292 4 Maryam Baradaran Binazir Medical Education Research Center, Educational Development Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Mahasti Alizadeh Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Hossein Jabbari Bayrami Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Ramin Azhough Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Reza Movassaghi Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Parisa Nikasa Dept. of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3664 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3664/3339

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 295 6 Mohammadkarim Bahadori Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ramin Ravangard Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Khalil Alimohammadzadeh Dept. of Health Services Management, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3662 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3662/3337

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 2 2015 02 15 297 8 Hua Zhang Dept. of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Jianqian Chao Dept. of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Xiyan Li Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Pei Liu Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3660 https://ijph.tums.a