Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 1 15 A Akbari Sari L Doshmangir T Sheldon 2015 10 03 Background: Understanding the nature and causes of medical adverse events may help their prevention. This system­atic re­view explores the types, risk factors, and likely causes of preventable adverse events in the hospital sector. Methods: MEDLINE (1970-2008), EMBASE, CINAHL (1970-2005) and the reference lists were used to identify the stud­ies and a structured narrative method used to synthesise the data. Results: Operative adverse events were more common but less preventable and diagnostic adverse events less common but more preventable than other adverse events. Preventable adverse events were often associated with more than one con­tribu­tory factor. The majority of adverse events were linked to individual human error, and a significant proportion of these caused serious patient harm. Equipment failure was involved in a small proportion of adverse events and rarely caused pa­tient harm. The proportion of system failures varied widely ranging from 3% to 85% depending on the data collec­tion and classifi­cation methods used. Conclusion: Operative adverse events are more common but less preventable than diagnostic adverse events. Adverse events are usually associated with more than one contributory factor, the majority are linked to individual human error, and a proportion of these with system failure. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3092 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3092/2891

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 16 19 S Puri Dept. of Community Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India A Singh Yashik 2015 10 03 Globalisation has given birth to medical tourism. Health and medical tourism are the fastest growing seg­ments in not only developed nations but in developing countries too. India has become a hot des­tina­tion, as the Indian medical standards match up to the highly prescribed international standards at a very low cost. However, it is an unmixed blessing; along with advantages, it has many unintended side effects also. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3093 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3093/2892

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 20 26 A Kazemnejad Dept. of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran F Amani 2015 10 03 Background: Mortality refers to the death that occurs within a population. It is linked to many factors such as age, sex, race, occupation and social class. The incidence and prevalence of mortality could affect the population's stan­dard of living and health care. The aim of this study was to explore the pattern of mortality trends in Iran, south-south west Asia and the world in 1970-2010. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on the registered data in the Statistical Center of Iran and National Organiza­tion of Civil Registration. The data were analyzed using statistical methods and graphs. Finally, the ana­lyzed data were com­pared with the world and south-south west Asia data. Results: In Iran, 61.1% of all the registered deaths were in male and 60.4% were in urban areas. Crude death rate, in­fant mortal­ity rate and under five mortality rate decreased from 13, 164 and 281 per 1000 in 1970-75 to the estimated val­ues of 5, 25 and 35 per 1000 in 2005-2010, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that similar to other countries, the trends of all mortality indicators in Iran have been changed and decreased, which is related to many factors such as improvement health situation and medical interven­tions. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3094 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3094/2893

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 27 31 AA Mehrabian F Esna-Ashari H Zham M Hadizadeh M Bohlooli M Khayamzadeh ME Akbari 2015 10 03 Background: Gastric cancer is a common and lethal disease throughout the world. In Iran with 7300 new cases annually, it is the first cause of cancer related death in both sexes. Regarding the high incidence (10.5/100000 individuals) of gastric can­cer and priority of prevalence index in cancer management, in this study we tried to determine 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year point preva­lence of the disease according to  survival data. Method: Survival and incidence data were used for determination of cancer prevalence. Incidence data were extracted from can­cer registry in Iran and survival data were determined in a descriptive study by following up 3439 gastric cancer patients in Cancer Research Center (CRC). 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year prevalence was estimated from incidence rates in different years and the proportion of patients surviving 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years from the time of diagnosis. Results: patients with survival of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years from the time of diagnosis were 46.38%, 26 %, 19.36%, 15.47% and 12.8% respectively. The prevalence of 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year was 3392, 3118and 1824 respectively. The cumula­tive 5 year prevalence was 8334 cases. Conclusion: These estimates of the point prevalence of gastric cancer at 1, 2-3 and 4-5 years are applicable to the evalua­tion of initial treatment, clinical follow-up, and point of cure. Therefore 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year point prevalence estimates, are neces­sary in health service planning for gastric cancer management and should be considered by public health managers. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3095 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3095/2894

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 32 36 R Shokouhi Shoormasti Z Pourpak MR Eshraghian MT Haghi Ashtiani M Jamali M Ziedi F Asgari Pour M Moin 2015 10 03 Background: IgE is an antibody class that regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, asthma, im­mune responses to parasitic infection and it could be responsible for the late- phase allergic response. The objective of this study was to evaluate total IgE in healthy Iranian adults, establishment of reference range of total IgE and assess helpful­ness of this value in clinical diagnosis atopic and allergic diseases. Method: Three hundred sixty six healthy adults from blood transfusion volunteers (18 to 60 years) were selected in this study. A specific questionnaire (including demographic factors, smoking status and ...) was filled out for each person. Also, we evaluated effect of race and education on total IgE. These adults had no history of allergic disease. The total serum IgE level using a commercial enzyme immunoassay and CBC (Eosinophil count) was determined in them. Results: Mean of age was 37.32± 10.93 yrs and 219 cases were males and 147 females. The geometric mean of total IgE was 20.84 IU/ml (2-373 IU/ml) (95% percentile= 250) (95% confidence interval=46.27-62.70). No differences was observed between mean of IgE log in males and females (P= NS) but mean of total IgE log in females is more than males. Conclusion: Normal range of serum total IgE obtained in this study could be helpful for diagnosis of IgE-dependent allergic dis­ease, as reference ranges in Iranian healthy adults. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3096 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3096/2895

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 37 44 Wi-Young So Dai-Hyuk Choi 2015 10 03 Background: This study examined the relationship between lifestyle factors and hypertension in Korean women. Methods: The subjects were 8,836 women, aged 20 to 81 yr, who visited a health promotion center for a medical check up during 2004-2008. The diagnosis of hypertension was defined in the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) report. Statistical significance was set at α<0.05 and SPSS ver. 12.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 12.8% in this study population. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that the odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension across age groups were 3.43 (1.68-7.02) for forties, 7.13 (3.48-14.60) for fifties, 12.97 (6.27-26.81) for sixties, and 24.28 (11.09-53.14) for over seventies compared to the twenties. In addition, compared with the normal weight group, the odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension in the over-weight and obese groups were 2.41 (2.00-2.89) and 3.50 (2.95-4.16), respectively. The odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension in those who consumed more than 3 drinks per week was 1.88 (1.29-2.76, P=0.001) compared with non-drinking group. Conclusion: The significant risk factors of hypertension were age, BMI, and alcohol drinking among Korean women and that smoking, exercise, and diet were not related to the risk of hypertension. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3097 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3097/2896

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 45 52 Z Rahnavard S Eybpoosh M Rezaei Homami HR Aghaei Meybodi B Azemati R Heshmat B Larijani 2015 10 03 Background: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its causative factors has been estimated more frequently in elder popula­tion, women, and patients with osteoporosis in different countries, but this issue is less defined in male population within different age groups especially in Asian countries. Therefore, we studied the role of effective factors in vitamin D defi­ciency and its prevalence in Iranian healthy men. Methods: This study was a multi center and carried out in five metropolitans in Iran. Serum 25 Hydroxy vitamin D and other biochemical variables were determined in 2396 healthy men in late winter of 2001. Results: 68.8% of participants suffered from vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D levels were the highest in Bushehr (n= 111, 40.3%) (P< 0.05) and between Shiraz and Tabriz, Shiraz had the better values (P< 0.05). Tehran had the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (n= 380, n= 85.7%). Geographical zone independently predicted vitamin D status (P< 0.05). There was not any association among age (r= 0.035, P> 0.05), physical activity (r= 0.023, P> 0.05), and exposure of face & hands to sunlight (r= 0.022, P> 0.05) with vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iranian male population is high, considering Iranian cultural and geographi­cal zones, food fortification and life style modification is recommended. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3098 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3098/2897

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 53 60 A Aleyasin M Ghazanfari M Houshmand 2015 10 03 Background: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited form of bilateral optic atrophy leading to the loss of central vision.  The primary cause of vision loss is mutation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, unknown secon­dary genetic and/or epigenetic risk factors are suggested to influence its neuropathology.  In this study folate gene polymor­phisms were examined as a possible LHON secondary genetic risk factor in Iranian patients. Methods: Common polymorphisms in the MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) and MTRR (A66G) genes were tested in 21 LHON patients and 150 normal controls. Results:  Strong associations were observed between the LHON syndrome and C677T (P= 0.00) and A66G (P= 0.00) polymor­phisms.  However, no significant association was found between A1298C (P =0.69) and the LHON syndrome. Conclusion: This is the first study that shows MTHFR C677T and MTRR A66G polymorphisms play a role in the etiology of the LHON syndrome.  This finding may help in the better understanding of mechanisms involved in neural degeneration and vision loss by LHON and hence the better treatment of patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3099 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3099/2898

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 61 69 A Najari SJ M. Ghazisaid NR Ghorbani Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeed SAFARI Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teh-ran, Iran Behrooz HASHEMI Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Mehdi FOROUZANFAR Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa HOSSEINI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 06 29 2020 07 14 Background: We aimed to examine the available evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of corticosteroids on the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Method: An extensive search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and Central databases until the end of March 2020, using keywords related to corticosteroids, COVID-19, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The main outcome was considered to be the mortality rate, length of stay, virus clearance time, symptom improvement, and lung function improvement. The findings are presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Fifteen paper compromising 5 studies on COVID-19, 8 studies on SARS-CoV and 2 studies on MERS-CoV were included. One study was clinical trial and the rest were cohort. The analyses showed that corticosteroids were not reduce the mortality rate of COVID-19 (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 0.34 to 3.50) and SARS-CoV (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.3) patients, while they were associated with higher mortality rate of patients with MERS-CoV (OR = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.50). Moreover, it appears that corticosteroids administration would not be effective in shortening viral clearance time, length of hospitalization, and duration of relief symptoms following viral severe acute respiratory infections. Conclusion: There is no evidences that corticosteroids are safe and effective on the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Therefore, corticosteroids prescription in COVID-19 patients should be avoided. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21297 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21297/6934

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1571 1572 Moon-Hyon HWANG Division of Health & Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea AND Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea 2019 04 23 2019 05 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16934 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16934/6953

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1455 1466 ChunHuan HUANG College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Xin DENG College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Hailin YANG College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Xinhui ZHOU College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Qi JIA College of Arts and Design, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China 2020 06 14 2020 07 11 Background: We explored the spatio-temporal characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) effect on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Methods: The land surface temperatures (LST) were retrieved from four Landsat remote-sensing images’ data, the temperature data from 95 meteorological stations, and analysis data on CVDs mortality. Based on these data, landscape pattern indexes were used to analyze the pattern-process-function and the mechanism. Results: During 1984–2017, the effects of UHI on CVDs increased, thereby increased the mortality by 28.8%. The affected areas gradually expand from the central area of the city and undergo three evolution stages; the highly affected areas are mainly distributed in central and southern regions, and patches increase in number. The areas and ratio of high-level patches also show an upward tendency, increasing dominance in the overall landscape. Patches of the overall landscape become more complicated in shape, whereas those of high-level ones become less complicated. Concentration degree of the overall landscape decreases gradually with the types of landscapes patches increasing, reaching a rather even space distribution. Conclusion: Increased temperatures exacerbated by UHI lead to increased CVD mortality. As cities expand, the effects of UHI on CVDs increase in terms of both intensity and areas, with the overall landscape in uneven distribution, high-level affected areas in point distribution, and low-level ones in large-area concentration. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21122 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21122/6939

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1422 1431 Abbas HOMAUNI Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sanaz ZARGAR BALAYE JAME Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim HAZRATI Department of Anesthesiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nader MARKAZI-MOGHADDAM Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 12 23 2020 05 29 Background: It is of paramount importance to reduce the probability of clinical risks to improve the quality of health care services, make the relationship between service providers and patients more effective, enhance patient satisfaction, and decrease the rate of complaints regarding medical errors in hospitals. This study aimed at detecting potential and unacceptable risks occurring in the hospital ICUs. Methods: In this systematic review, all studies examining the risk assessment of ICUs in hospitals using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis method were reviewed. Google scholar, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran and Web of Science databases were searched to find relevant articles published from 1980 to 2019. Results: The most frequent failures detected in the reviewed articles consisted of high risk of infection inwards for medical and nursing operations, high infection rates inwards for medical devices’ operation within the unit, and early discharge. Moreover, the processes through which potential high-risk Failures were examined in these studies were injection or prescription process, suction process, the process of inserting or removing endotracheal tubes, the process of transferring patients from the operation room to the unit or vice versa, pressure ulcers, and processes related to the medical devices’ operation. Conclusion: There are many possible reasons for failure occurring throughout these processes, and the failure modes occurring in these processes are more probable to cause serious damages to patients, have high repeatability with low probability of failure detection as the failures cannot be discovered by the personnel. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19259 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19259/6935

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1573 1575 EN Miroslava IVANOVA Department of Informatics and Mathematics, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Lilko DOSPATLIEV Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Denitsa GRIGOROVA Department of Probability, Operations Research and Statistics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria Penko PAPAZOV Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Food Technology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria 2018 09 19 2018 09 30 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14755 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14755/6954

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1467 1475 Jin Ho YOON Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea Ki-Jae SONG Department of Sports Medicine, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea Mu-Yeop JI Department of Sports Medicine, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea Bang-Sub LEE Department of Sports Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Chungcheongbok-do, Korea Jae-Keun OH Department of Sports Medicine, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea 2020 06 08 2020 07 30 Background: The shoulder joint has a wide range of motion, but is vulnerable to sport-related injuries. We aimed to evaluate the differences in the proprioception of the shoulder should instability, and shoulder pain in high school baseball players with shoulder instability following a 12-week rehabilitation exercise program. Methods: We enrolled 13 baseball players with shoulder instability who visited the Orthopedics Department at Konkook University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea and 12 controls without shoulder instability. We examined the dominant shoulder and the non-dominant shoulder for both groups. We restricted participation to individuals who had no other orthomechanical disease in the past six months, except for instability of the shoulder, and no physical limitation to participate in the exercise. We measured the proprioception of the shoulder and shoulder instability, and we also evaluated pain with the Visual Analog Scale before and after the rehabilitation program. To verify the differences between groups, we used a two-way analysis of variance, and a two-way analysis of covariance was used when a significant difference was found at the pretest (baseline between groups). Results: Proprioception was associated with shoulder instability. The Visual Analog Scale rating improved in the dominant shoulder with instability; and a positive change was found in the dominant shoulder without instability after the rehabilitation program (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The 12-week rehabilitation exercise program might improve the proprioception and pain of patients with shoulder instability. However, further studies with more participants and a rehabilitation exercise program should be undertaken. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21057 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21057/6940

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1432 1438 Sanaz MUSAVI Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Hossein MASHHADI ABDOLAHI Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Morteza GHOJAZADEH Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mahdieh ABBASALIZAD FARHANGI Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Zeinab NIKNIAZ Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Leila NIKNIAZ Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2019 06 08 2019 10 20 Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis of the observational studies aimed at evaluating the infertile women’s attitude toward gestational surrogacy. Methods: Published studies until Jan 2019 were searched using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, Proquest and Google scholar, MagIran, SID and IranMedex. Studies in English or Persian language surveyed attitudes toward surrogacy for infertile women published until Jan 2019. Animal studies and studies with poor methodological quality were excluded from the review. Results: Six eligible studies including 1359 infertile women were identified. Of these, 559 and 742 women agreed and disagreed with surrogacy respectively. The overall event rate of positive attitude for surrogacy in infertile women was %39.7 (%95 CI=24.5 to 57.1, P=0.245). Conclusion: The infertile women’s attitude toward surrogacy is not strongly positive. We believe, more studies should be conducted among different socioeconomic, religious and cultural groups. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17403 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17403/6936

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1576 1578 Cosmin VESA Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Carmen RADU Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Loredana POPA Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Claudia JURCA Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Lucia DAINA Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Cornelia BALA Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Gabriela ROMAN Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Mădălina MOISI Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Amorin POPA Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Mihaela POPOVICIU Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Anca FERICIAN Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Dana ZAHA Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania 2018 09 11 2020 07 30 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14693 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14693/6955

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1476 1484 Qingquan REN Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, Shenyang Medical College, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China AND Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China Shuyin LI Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China AND Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China Chunling XIAO Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China AND Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shenyang Medical College,