Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 1 15 A Akbari Sari L Doshmangir T Sheldon 2015 10 03 Background: Understanding the nature and causes of medical adverse events may help their prevention. This system­atic re­view explores the types, risk factors, and likely causes of preventable adverse events in the hospital sector. Methods: MEDLINE (1970-2008), EMBASE, CINAHL (1970-2005) and the reference lists were used to identify the stud­ies and a structured narrative method used to synthesise the data. Results: Operative adverse events were more common but less preventable and diagnostic adverse events less common but more preventable than other adverse events. Preventable adverse events were often associated with more than one con­tribu­tory factor. The majority of adverse events were linked to individual human error, and a significant proportion of these caused serious patient harm. Equipment failure was involved in a small proportion of adverse events and rarely caused pa­tient harm. The proportion of system failures varied widely ranging from 3% to 85% depending on the data collec­tion and classifi­cation methods used. Conclusion: Operative adverse events are more common but less preventable than diagnostic adverse events. Adverse events are usually associated with more than one contributory factor, the majority are linked to individual human error, and a proportion of these with system failure. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3092 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3092/2891

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 16 19 S Puri Dept. of Community Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India A Singh Yashik 2015 10 03 Globalisation has given birth to medical tourism. Health and medical tourism are the fastest growing seg­ments in not only developed nations but in developing countries too. India has become a hot des­tina­tion, as the Indian medical standards match up to the highly prescribed international standards at a very low cost. However, it is an unmixed blessing; along with advantages, it has many unintended side effects also. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3093 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3093/2892

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 20 26 A Kazemnejad Dept. of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran F Amani 2015 10 03 Background: Mortality refers to the death that occurs within a population. It is linked to many factors such as age, sex, race, occupation and social class. The incidence and prevalence of mortality could affect the population's stan­dard of living and health care. The aim of this study was to explore the pattern of mortality trends in Iran, south-south west Asia and the world in 1970-2010. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on the registered data in the Statistical Center of Iran and National Organiza­tion of Civil Registration. The data were analyzed using statistical methods and graphs. Finally, the ana­lyzed data were com­pared with the world and south-south west Asia data. Results: In Iran, 61.1% of all the registered deaths were in male and 60.4% were in urban areas. Crude death rate, in­fant mortal­ity rate and under five mortality rate decreased from 13, 164 and 281 per 1000 in 1970-75 to the estimated val­ues of 5, 25 and 35 per 1000 in 2005-2010, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that similar to other countries, the trends of all mortality indicators in Iran have been changed and decreased, which is related to many factors such as improvement health situation and medical interven­tions. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3094 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3094/2893

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 27 31 AA Mehrabian F Esna-Ashari H Zham M Hadizadeh M Bohlooli M Khayamzadeh ME Akbari 2015 10 03 Background: Gastric cancer is a common and lethal disease throughout the world. In Iran with 7300 new cases annually, it is the first cause of cancer related death in both sexes. Regarding the high incidence (10.5/100000 individuals) of gastric can­cer and priority of prevalence index in cancer management, in this study we tried to determine 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year point preva­lence of the disease according to  survival data. Method: Survival and incidence data were used for determination of cancer prevalence. Incidence data were extracted from can­cer registry in Iran and survival data were determined in a descriptive study by following up 3439 gastric cancer patients in Cancer Research Center (CRC). 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year prevalence was estimated from incidence rates in different years and the proportion of patients surviving 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years from the time of diagnosis. Results: patients with survival of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years from the time of diagnosis were 46.38%, 26 %, 19.36%, 15.47% and 12.8% respectively. The prevalence of 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year was 3392, 3118and 1824 respectively. The cumula­tive 5 year prevalence was 8334 cases. Conclusion: These estimates of the point prevalence of gastric cancer at 1, 2-3 and 4-5 years are applicable to the evalua­tion of initial treatment, clinical follow-up, and point of cure. Therefore 1, 2-3 and 4-5 year point prevalence estimates, are neces­sary in health service planning for gastric cancer management and should be considered by public health managers. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3095 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3095/2894

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 32 36 R Shokouhi Shoormasti Z Pourpak MR Eshraghian MT Haghi Ashtiani M Jamali M Ziedi F Asgari Pour M Moin 2015 10 03 Background: IgE is an antibody class that regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, asthma, im­mune responses to parasitic infection and it could be responsible for the late- phase allergic response. The objective of this study was to evaluate total IgE in healthy Iranian adults, establishment of reference range of total IgE and assess helpful­ness of this value in clinical diagnosis atopic and allergic diseases. Method: Three hundred sixty six healthy adults from blood transfusion volunteers (18 to 60 years) were selected in this study. A specific questionnaire (including demographic factors, smoking status and ...) was filled out for each person. Also, we evaluated effect of race and education on total IgE. These adults had no history of allergic disease. The total serum IgE level using a commercial enzyme immunoassay and CBC (Eosinophil count) was determined in them. Results: Mean of age was 37.32± 10.93 yrs and 219 cases were males and 147 females. The geometric mean of total IgE was 20.84 IU/ml (2-373 IU/ml) (95% percentile= 250) (95% confidence interval=46.27-62.70). No differences was observed between mean of IgE log in males and females (P= NS) but mean of total IgE log in females is more than males. Conclusion: Normal range of serum total IgE obtained in this study could be helpful for diagnosis of IgE-dependent allergic dis­ease, as reference ranges in Iranian healthy adults. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3096 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3096/2895

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 37 44 Wi-Young So Dai-Hyuk Choi 2015 10 03 Background: This study examined the relationship between lifestyle factors and hypertension in Korean women. Methods: The subjects were 8,836 women, aged 20 to 81 yr, who visited a health promotion center for a medical check up during 2004-2008. The diagnosis of hypertension was defined in the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) report. Statistical significance was set at α<0.05 and SPSS ver. 12.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 12.8% in this study population. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that the odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension across age groups were 3.43 (1.68-7.02) for forties, 7.13 (3.48-14.60) for fifties, 12.97 (6.27-26.81) for sixties, and 24.28 (11.09-53.14) for over seventies compared to the twenties. In addition, compared with the normal weight group, the odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension in the over-weight and obese groups were 2.41 (2.00-2.89) and 3.50 (2.95-4.16), respectively. The odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension in those who consumed more than 3 drinks per week was 1.88 (1.29-2.76, P=0.001) compared with non-drinking group. Conclusion: The significant risk factors of hypertension were age, BMI, and alcohol drinking among Korean women and that smoking, exercise, and diet were not related to the risk of hypertension. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3097 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3097/2896

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 45 52 Z Rahnavard S Eybpoosh M Rezaei Homami HR Aghaei Meybodi B Azemati R Heshmat B Larijani 2015 10 03 Background: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its causative factors has been estimated more frequently in elder popula­tion, women, and patients with osteoporosis in different countries, but this issue is less defined in male population within different age groups especially in Asian countries. Therefore, we studied the role of effective factors in vitamin D defi­ciency and its prevalence in Iranian healthy men. Methods: This study was a multi center and carried out in five metropolitans in Iran. Serum 25 Hydroxy vitamin D and other biochemical variables were determined in 2396 healthy men in late winter of 2001. Results: 68.8% of participants suffered from vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D levels were the highest in Bushehr (n= 111, 40.3%) (P< 0.05) and between Shiraz and Tabriz, Shiraz had the better values (P< 0.05). Tehran had the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (n= 380, n= 85.7%). Geographical zone independently predicted vitamin D status (P< 0.05). There was not any association among age (r= 0.035, P> 0.05), physical activity (r= 0.023, P> 0.05), and exposure of face & hands to sunlight (r= 0.022, P> 0.05) with vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iranian male population is high, considering Iranian cultural and geographi­cal zones, food fortification and life style modification is recommended. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3098 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3098/2897

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 53 60 A Aleyasin M Ghazanfari M Houshmand 2015 10 03 Background: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited form of bilateral optic atrophy leading to the loss of central vision.  The primary cause of vision loss is mutation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, unknown secon­dary genetic and/or epigenetic risk factors are suggested to influence its neuropathology.  In this study folate gene polymor­phisms were examined as a possible LHON secondary genetic risk factor in Iranian patients. Methods: Common polymorphisms in the MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) and MTRR (A66G) genes were tested in 21 LHON patients and 150 normal controls. Results:  Strong associations were observed between the LHON syndrome and C677T (P= 0.00) and A66G (P= 0.00) polymor­phisms.  However, no significant association was found between A1298C (P =0.69) and the LHON syndrome. Conclusion: This is the first study that shows MTHFR C677T and MTRR A66G polymorphisms play a role in the etiology of the LHON syndrome.  This finding may help in the better understanding of mechanisms involved in neural degeneration and vision loss by LHON and hence the better treatment of patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3099 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3099/2898

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 39 3 2010 09 15 61 69 A Najari SJ M. Ghazisaid NR Ghorbani 2015 12 22 1708 1709 Mujtaba BAQAR Muhammad ARSLAN Nadia JAMIL Hina ZAHID 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5570 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5570/4562

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1632 1642 Ting HUYAN Ruihua TANG Jing LI Qi LI Xiaoping XUE Hui YANG 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The humbug gene is a truncated isoform of Aspartyl β-hydroxylase (ASPH) gene that is overexpressed in many human malignancies. In recent years, since humbug has received increasing attention, it is considered as a potential therapeutic molecular target. Therefore, it is necessary for preparing humbug protein and its monoclonal antibody to investigate its structure and function. Method: The optimized humbug gene, synthesized by Genscript in Nanjing, China on December 21st 2013, was expressed in Pichia pastoris cells that were cultured in a 10-L bioreactor. The recombinant protein was further obtained and purified by using ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G75. The humbug protein was used to immunize Balb/c mice to generate the monoclonal antibodies. The specificity and sensitivity of the monoclonal antibodies were assessed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, the humbug monoclonal antibodies were used to detect the expression of humbug in several tumor cell lines via indirect immunofluorescence. Results: Firstly, the recombinant humbug was expressed in P. pastoris successfully and efficiently by using a gene-optimized strategy. Secondly, the purification process of humbug was established via multiple chromatography methods. In addition, four monoclonal antibodies against humbug were obtained from the immunized Balb/c mice, and the result of indirect immunofluorescence was indicated that the humbug monoclonal antibody showed the high affinity with humbug protein, which expressed in several tumor cell lines. Conclusion: The over-expression of recombinant humbug provides adequate sources for its structural study and the preparation of the humbug-specific monoclonal antibody can potentially be used in tumor initial diagnosis and immunotherapy.   Keywords: Humbug, Fermentation, Pichia pastoris, Monoclonal antibody, Tumor diagnosis   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5559 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5559/4551

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1710 1711 Qingtao CHENG Penglai WANG Wei WANG Zongxiang LIU Gang LIU Xinfeng ZHANG Bei REN Jun ZHANG 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5571 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5571/4563

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1643 1654 Yashar VAZIRI Sidika BULDUK Zhaleh SHADMAN Emre Ozgur BULDUK Mehdi HEDAYATI Haluk KOC Fatmanur ER Ceren Suveren ERDOGAN 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The aim of this study was to assess the predictive capacity of body composition estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to identify abnormal blood pressure in physical education and sport teaching students in the city of Ankara. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained in the city of Ankara in 2014. A total of 133 students aged 20-35 yr participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements were measured. Body composition was assessed by BIA. Physical activity level (PAL) and usual dietary intake were assessed. Pre-hypertension and hypertension were defined, respectively, as BP ≥120 and/or 80, and ≥140 and /or 90 mmHg. Results: More overweight students showed abnormal BP especially SBP (P=0.005 and 0.002, respectively). Age adjusted regression showed sig­nificant association between arm circumference (β= 0.176, P 0.044), mid arm muscle circumference (MAMC) (β= 0.235, P 0.007), lean body mass (LBM) (β= 0.238, P 0.006), basal metabolism rate (BMR) (β= 0.219, P 0.012) and SBP and, also, MAMC (β= 0.201, P 0.022), LBM (β= 0.203, P 0.021), BMR (β= 0.189, P 0.030) and DBP. Fat intake was associated with DBP (β= 0.14, P =0.040). Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, BMI, WC and fat intake/kg body weight showed positive association of SBP with MAMC, BMR and LBM (P<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between blood pressure and body composition in young adults may be associated to LBM and MAMC. LBM or MAMC in this population may be indirect indicators of heart muscle mass and heart pumping power.   Keywords: Lean body mass, Body mass index, Hypertension, Young adults, Turkey  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5560 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5560/4552

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1712 1713 Manoochehr KARAMI Seyed Mohsen ZAHRAEI Mohammad Mehdi GOUYA 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5572 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5572/4564

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1655 1661 Gholamreza NASSERI Tahereh ZAHEDI Fatemeh MOUSAVI-KAZEROONI Mostafa SAADAT 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: Previous studies have revealed significant differences between populations for genotypic frequencies of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and M1 (GSTM1) polymorphisms. In order to find the frequency of the null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in Iranian populations, the present study was carried out. Methods: The total study subjects consisted of 1340 unrelated healthy Muslims/Iranian. From these 297, 200, 123, 168, 152, 200, and 200 individuals from Tabriz (East Azerbaijan Province; belong to Azaris), Yasuj (Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad Province; belong to Lurs), Abarku (Yazd Province; belong to Persians), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Balouchis), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Sistanis), Kermanshah (Kermanshah Province; belong to Kurds), and Gorgan (Golestan Province; belong to Turkmen) respectively. The genotypes were detected by multiplex PCR. Results: The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 43.8, 50.0, 52.0, 50.0, 51.3, 56.0, and 53.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference between these populations for the genotypic distribution of the GSTM1 polymorphism (c2=8.47, df=6, P=0.206). The frequency of GSTT1 null genotype among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 18.2, 17.0, 29.3, 20.8, 17.8, 18.5, and 23.0%, respectively. There was very similarity between Azaris, Kurds and Lurs for the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes (c2=0.17, df=2, P=0.916). Conclusion: By comparing the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes among Iranian populations, Caucasians and Asians, it is concluded that Azaris, Kurds and Lurs were similar to each other. Taken together, it is suggested that although Azaris are Turkish speaking belong to Caucasians.   Keywords: Iran, GSTT1, GSTM1, Population genetics https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5561 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5561/4553

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1714 1715 Farzan MADADIZADEH Abbas BAHRAMPOUR Seyyed Meysam MOUSAVI Mitra MONTAZERI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5573 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5573/4565

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1662 1669 Hooman ANGOORANI Farzin HALABCHI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The high prevalence and potential side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) misuse by athletes has made it a major public health concern. Epidemiological studies on the abuse of such drugs are mandatory for developing effective preventive drug control programs in sports community. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of AAS abuse and their association with some psycho-socio-demographic factors in Iranian male recreational body-builders. Methods: Between March and October 2011; 906 recreational male body-builders from 103 randomly selected bodybuilding clubs in Tehran, Iran were participated in this study. Some psycho-socio- demographic factors including age, job, average family income, family size, sport experience (months), weekly duration of the sporting activity (h), purpose of participation in sporting activity, mental health as well as body image (via General Health Questionnaire and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, respectively), and history of AAS use were obtained by interviews using questionnaires. Results: Participants were all recreational male body-builders [mean age (SD): 25.7 (7.1), ranging 14-56 yr]. Self-report of AAS abuse was registered in 150 body-builders (16.6%). Among different psycho-socio-demographic factors, only family income and sport experience were inversely associated with AAS abuse. Conclusion: Lifetime prevalence of AAS abuse is relatively high among recreational body-builders based on their self-report. Some psycho-socio-demographic factors including family income and sport experience may influence the prevalence of AAS abuse.   Keywords: Anabolic agents, Ergogenic, Doping, Iran, Body-building, Sports, Athlete https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5562 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5562/4554

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1716 1717 Seyyed Meysam Mousavi Mehdi HAGHI Mahdi GHARASI MANSHADI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5574 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5574/4566

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1670 1676 Kourosh HOLAKOUIE-NAIENI Alireza AHMADVAND Owais RAZA Abraham ASSAN Adel Hussein ELDUMA Alieu JAMMEH Aram Salih Mohammed Amin KAMALI Ahang Abdullah KAREEM Fatima Mahmud MUHAMMAD Hasnain SABAHAT Kabir Ozigi ABDULLAHI Raeed Ahmad SAEED Sami Najmaddin SAEED 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The emergence and spread of Ebola outbreak is a growing problem worldwide, which represents a significant threat to public health. Evidence has shown that the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of people in the society play major roles in controlling the spread of Ebola virus disease. This study was designed to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of students at School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences towards Ebola. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in Tehran, Iran in 2014 using a pretested self-administered questionnaire on a stratified sample of 400 students. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results: All-in-all, 385 students returned the completed questionnaires making a response rate of 96.3%., 239 (62.2%) were females and 145 (37.8%) were males. The mean age of female and males were 28.44 and 30.3 years respectively. Of the 385students, 83 (21.7%) were studying at PhD level, 210 (55.0%) at Masters Level (including MPH) and 89 (23.3%) at Bachelors level. knowledge of the students regarding EVD transmission was lowest among students of Department of Occupational Health (50.0%), followed by Health Education and Promotion Department (33.3%). Virology Department recorded the highest percentage of students who had selected correct answers regarding EVD prevention (100.0%) Conclusion: These findings will aid in the assessment of the adequacy of current students’ educational curriculum. Also, it will provide further insight in designing future multifaceted interventions to promote specific messages to change attitude and improve practice.   Keywords: Ebola, Outbreak, Tehran, Iran, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Students https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5563 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5563/4555

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1718 1719 Abdollah MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI Hamid SALEHINIYA Salman KHAZAEI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5575 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5575/4567

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1677 1684 Morteza HAJIHOSSEINI Javad FARADMAL Abdolazim SADIGHI-PASHAKI 2015 12 22