Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 1 30 B Khoshpey School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran DD Farhud School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran F Zaini School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Many studies have shown that mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products is a challenge for individual's health espe­cially in developing countries. Improper production and storage of foods, prepare conditions for aflatoxin production in crops, especially rice, wheat, pistachio, walnut, almond, etc which are the main sources of foods for people. Feeding live­stock by contaminated bread is another way of human exposure to mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin and because of expen­sive methods for detecting and analyzing aflatoxin in laboratory; it is not measured in foods. This manuscript is a review of some Iranian and nonIranian reports about aflatoxin, its exposure ways, its adverse effect on human health and nutrition, as well as methods for reducing its exposure. Based on studies on foods, aflatoxin exposure is high in Iran. Since livestock feeding by contaminated bread is one of the potential ways for milk contamination, we should control and reduce aflatoxin contamination by improving production process, storage condition and livestock feeding as soon as possible. Pistachio is one of the most important exporting products of Iran and to maintain Iran's position in exporting of this product, specific regulations on lowering its contamination with aflatoxin should be considered seriously. Finally, effective controlling of all food and feedstuffs which are vulnerable to aflatoxin contamination is necessary to prevent its effects. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3009 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3009/2809

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 31 36 R Prakash Upadhyay Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, C Palanivel Dept. of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India 2015 10 03 First Millennium Development Goal states the target of "Halving hunger by 2015". Sadly, the recent statistics for India pre­sent a very gloomy picture. India currently has the largest number of undernourished people in the world and this is in spite of the fact that it has made substantial progress in health determinants over the past decades and ranks second world­wide in farm output. The causes of existing food insecurity can be better viewed under three concepts namely the: ‘tradi­tional  con­cept' which includes factors such as unavailability of food and poor purchasing capacity; ‘socio-de­mographic concept' which includes illiteracy, unemployment, overcrowding, poor environmental conditions and gender bias; ‘politico-devel­opmental concept' comprising of factors such as lack of intersectoral  coordination and political will, poorly monitored nu­tritional programmes and inadequate public food distribution system. If the Millennium Development Goal is to be achieved by 2015, efforts to improve food and nutrition security have to increase considerably. Priority has to be assigned to agricul­ture and rural development along with promoting women empowerment, ensuring sustainable employ­ment and im­proving environmental conditions (water, sanitation and hygiene). As the problem is multi-factorial, so the solu­tion needs to be multi-sectoral. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3010 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3010/2810

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 37 43 Seong-Ik Baek Dept. of Physical Educations, Myongji University, San 38-2 Namdong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 4 Wi-Young So Dept. of Human Performance & Leisure Studies, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27 2015 10 03 Background: This study investigates whether the amount of time that Korean adolescents spend on the Internet per day is related to their weight status. Methods: For this purpose, we analyzed data from the 2009 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey-V (KYRBWS-V), in which 72,399 students from the 7th to the 12th grade participated. We assessed the relationship between the amount of time spent on the Internet per day and body mass index (BMI) by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: For boys, the odds ratio (OR; confidence interval (CI): 95%) between becoming overweight and the amount of time spent on the Internet per day was 1.225 (1.042-1.441; P=0.014) for >4 hour. The ORs (CI: 95%) between becoming obese and time sp­ent on the Internet per day were 1.238 (1.096-1.399; P=0.001) for >2-≤3 hours, 1.208 (1.021-1.428; P=0.027) for >3-≤4 hours, and 1.303 (1.109-1.532; P=0.001) for >4 hours. For girls, the ORs (CI: 95%) between becoming overweight and time spent on the Internet per day were 1.265 (1.089-1.469; P=0.002) for >2-≤3 hours and 1.338 (1.080-1.659; P=0.008) for >3-≤4 hours. The ORs (CI: 95%) between becoming obese and amount of time spent on the Internet per day were 1.239 (1.014-1.513; P=0.036) for >2-≤3 hours and 1.541 (1.182-2.010; P=0.001) for >3-≤4 hours. Conclusion: Korean adolescents who spend more time on the Internet are predisposed to weight-related problems, regard­less of age, time spent in physical exercise, mental stress, sleep duration, etc. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3011 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3011/2811

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 44 53 FM Moy Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, EWH Chang Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia KW Kee Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2015 10 03 Background: Reduced handgrip strength is an aging process that significantly influences the living activities of elderly. It is linked to premature mortality, disability and other health complications among elderly. Therefore, we aim to determine the associated predictors with handgrip strength among the free living elderly in Malaysia.   Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in a rural state in Malaysia. A total of 434 elderly individuals per­formed handgrip assessment. Socio-demographic characteristics, medical conditions, occupational history, functional ability (ADL) and depression (GDS) were enquired. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were also obtained. Results: Majority of the respondents were Malays with mean age of 67.9 + 6.3 years. Maximum handgrip strength of males and females were 28.8+9.2 kg and 18.9+6.9 kg respectively (P<0.05). The aborigines had significantly lower handgrip strength (P<0.05) compared to Malays, Chinese and Indians. Handgrip strength was positively correlated (P<0.05) with weight, height and ADL, while negatively associated (P<0.05) with GDS for both gender. In the multivariate linear regres­sion analysis; weight, height and race significantly predicted handgrip strength among both male and female elderly after adjustment for all potential confounders. However, GDS and ADL were only found to significantly predict handgrip strength among the male elderly; while age was only significant among the females. Conclusion: Our sample population has significantly lower handgrip strength than the Western counterpart. Weight, height and race significantly predict handgrip strength among both male and female elderly. GDS, ADL are only found to be sig­nificant in males while age was only significant among the females. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3012 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3012/2812

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 54 62 TH Tung Dept. of Medical Research and Education, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan WH Chiu Dept. of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, School of Biomedical Science and Engineer¬ing TH Lin Dept. of Medical Research and Education, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan HC Shih Dept. of Nursing, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan CT Hsu Dept. of Medical Research and Education, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 2015 10 03 Background: The purpose of this study was to explore any gender-related differences in prevalence of and condition-associ­ated factors related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) amongst police population in Taipei, Taiwan. Methods: We studied a total of 1016 healthy adults with police work (972 males and 44 females) voluntarily admitted to physical check-up between January 2006 and December 2006. Blood samples and ultrasound-proved fatty liver sonography results were collected. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD for this sub-population was found to be 52.2%, the prevalence revealing a statistically significant decrease with increasing population age (P<0.001). Males exhibited a greater prevalence of NAFLD than did females (53.6% vs 20.5%, P<0.0001). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, in addition to male gender, an older age, higher BMI, higher ALT, presence of hyperuricemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were the significant factors associated with NAFLD. Gender-related differences as regards associated factors were also revealed. For males, hy­peruricemia (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.07-1.86), higher ALT (OR=2.31, 95%CI: 1.50-3.56), hypercholesterolemia (OR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.01-1.82), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.01-2.37) were significantly related to NAFLD but these were not so for females. Conclusion: several gender-related differences were noted pertaining to the prevalence of and relationship between hyperu­ricemia, higher ALT, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia and NAFLD in the present study. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3013 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3013/2813

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 63 73 N Khan Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan 2015 10 03 Background: To determine the mean eruption time of permanent teeth of Pakistani children and to evaluate the effects of gender, type of schools, height, weight and body mass index on it. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from September 2007 to April 2008.  4370 children of ‘just erupted' teeth were obtained from 102 randomly selected schools from 18 towns of Karachi, using systematic random sampling pro­cedure. The dental examination was carried out for the selected child. Height, weight and date of birth were also obtained. Two sample‘t' test and paired ‘t' test were employed to compare the mean time of eruption between gender and type of schools (private/ public),  and upper and lower jaws. Pearson and partial correlations were used to determine the significant relationship between eruption time with height, weight and BMI. Results: The right first molars of upper and lower jaws showed the minimum eruption time. Second molars were the last tooth to emerge. Only 3 teeth showed significant difference of eruption time between the genders. None of contralateral teeth showed any statistical significant difference. All the mandible teeth, except the premolars, erupted earlier than maxil­lary teeth. Private schools children showed early eruption than the public schools children. The Pearson and partial correla­tion were significant positively correlated with height.  Eruption time of all the teeth, except one, showed positive correla­tion with weight. Conclusion: The eruption time of Pakistani children are different in many aspects with to other nationalities. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3014 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3014/2814

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 74 82 M Sheikh Fathollahi Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Scien M Mahmoodi Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Scien K Mohammad Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Scien H Zeraati Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Scien 2015 10 03 Background: Northern regions of Iran have been encountered to dominate malignancies of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We came to examine the total excess mortality due to the GI cancer in Mazandaran province. Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical data of 484 patients with GI cancer collected during the years 1990-1991were available from Babol Cancer Registry. Patients were followed up for 15 years by the year 2006. Using the West Coale-De­meny life table model, a number of five life tables for men and four for women, corresponding to each birth cohort, were constructed. Observed survival was obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the Expected survival cal­culated using the direct adjusted method represented by STEIN et al. Results: The sample of subjects encompassed 66.3% men and 33.7% women with mean age 58.26 ± 10.90, and endoscopy was the general method for cancer detection. Esophagus accounted for 74.2%, and stomach and colorectal accounted for 22.7% and 3.1% of GI cancers, respectively. Survival rate in 15 years following diagnosis was nearly 6%. Comparing pa­tient and expected survival curves showed a significantly reduced survival for patients of each GI cancer over the whole period and especially during the first two years after diagnosis. Conclusion: Patients experienced reduced survival associated with the development of GI cancers. Considering individuals in a population come from different cohorts, adjustment by constructing distinct life tables for different birth cohorts is rec­ommended. The West model is recommended as a first choice to represent mortality in countries whose registration systems are exposed to various errors. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/3015 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/3015/2815

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 40 4 2011 12 15 83 88 M Estakhri School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran A Djazayery School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran MR Eshraghian School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran R Majdzadeh School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran M https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5558 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5558/4550

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1708 1709 Mujtaba BAQAR Muhammad ARSLAN Nadia JAMIL Hina ZAHID 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5570 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5570/4562

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1632 1642 Ting HUYAN Ruihua TANG Jing LI Qi LI Xiaoping XUE Hui YANG 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The humbug gene is a truncated isoform of Aspartyl β-hydroxylase (ASPH) gene that is overexpressed in many human malignancies. In recent years, since humbug has received increasing attention, it is considered as a potential therapeutic molecular target. Therefore, it is necessary for preparing humbug protein and its monoclonal antibody to investigate its structure and function. Method: The optimized humbug gene, synthesized by Genscript in Nanjing, China on December 21st 2013, was expressed in Pichia pastoris cells that were cultured in a 10-L bioreactor. The recombinant protein was further obtained and purified by using ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G75. The humbug protein was used to immunize Balb/c mice to generate the monoclonal antibodies. The specificity and sensitivity of the monoclonal antibodies were assessed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, the humbug monoclonal antibodies were used to detect the expression of humbug in several tumor cell lines via indirect immunofluorescence. Results: Firstly, the recombinant humbug was expressed in P. pastoris successfully and efficiently by using a gene-optimized strategy. Secondly, the purification process of humbug was established via multiple chromatography methods. In addition, four monoclonal antibodies against humbug were obtained from the immunized Balb/c mice, and the result of indirect immunofluorescence was indicated that the humbug monoclonal antibody showed the high affinity with humbug protein, which expressed in several tumor cell lines. Conclusion: The over-expression of recombinant humbug provides adequate sources for its structural study and the preparation of the humbug-specific monoclonal antibody can potentially be used in tumor initial diagnosis and immunotherapy.   Keywords: Humbug, Fermentation, Pichia pastoris, Monoclonal antibody, Tumor diagnosis   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5559 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5559/4551

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1710 1711 Qingtao CHENG Penglai WANG Wei WANG Zongxiang LIU Gang LIU Xinfeng ZHANG Bei REN Jun ZHANG 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5571 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5571/4563

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1643 1654 Yashar VAZIRI Sidika BULDUK Zhaleh SHADMAN Emre Ozgur BULDUK Mehdi HEDAYATI Haluk KOC Fatmanur ER Ceren Suveren ERDOGAN 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The aim of this study was to assess the predictive capacity of body composition estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to identify abnormal blood pressure in physical education and sport teaching students in the city of Ankara. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained in the city of Ankara in 2014. A total of 133 students aged 20-35 yr participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements were measured. Body composition was assessed by BIA. Physical activity level (PAL) and usual dietary intake were assessed. Pre-hypertension and hypertension were defined, respectively, as BP ≥120 and/or 80, and ≥140 and /or 90 mmHg. Results: More overweight students showed abnormal BP especially SBP (P=0.005 and 0.002, respectively). Age adjusted regression showed sig­nificant association between arm circumference (β= 0.176, P 0.044), mid arm muscle circumference (MAMC) (β= 0.235, P 0.007), lean body mass (LBM) (β= 0.238, P 0.006), basal metabolism rate (BMR) (β= 0.219, P 0.012) and SBP and, also, MAMC (β= 0.201, P 0.022), LBM (β= 0.203, P 0.021), BMR (β= 0.189, P 0.030) and DBP. Fat intake was associated with DBP (β= 0.14, P =0.040). Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, BMI, WC and fat intake/kg body weight showed positive association of SBP with MAMC, BMR and LBM (P<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between blood pressure and body composition in young adults may be associated to LBM and MAMC. LBM or MAMC in this population may be indirect indicators of heart muscle mass and heart pumping power.   Keywords: Lean body mass, Body mass index, Hypertension, Young adults, Turkey  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5560 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5560/4552

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1712 1713 Manoochehr KARAMI Seyed Mohsen ZAHRAEI Mohammad Mehdi GOUYA 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5572 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5572/4564

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1655 1661 Gholamreza NASSERI Tahereh ZAHEDI Fatemeh MOUSAVI-KAZEROONI Mostafa SAADAT 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: Previous studies have revealed significant differences between populations for genotypic frequencies of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and M1 (GSTM1) polymorphisms. In order to find the frequency of the null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in Iranian populations, the present study was carried out. Methods: The total study subjects consisted of 1340 unrelated healthy Muslims/Iranian. From these 297, 200, 123, 168, 152, 200, and 200 individuals from Tabriz (East Azerbaijan Province; belong to Azaris), Yasuj (Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad Province; belong to Lurs), Abarku (Yazd Province; belong to Persians), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Balouchis), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Sistanis), Kermanshah (Kermanshah Province; belong to Kurds), and Gorgan (Golestan Province; belong to Turkmen) respectively. The genotypes were detected by multiplex PCR. Results: The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 43.8, 50.0, 52.0, 50.0, 51.3, 56.0, and 53.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference between these populations for the genotypic distribution of the GSTM1 polymorphism (c2=8.47, df=6, P=0.206). The frequency of GSTT1 null genotype among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 18.2, 17.0, 29.3, 20.8, 17.8, 18.5, and 23.0%, respectively. There was very similarity between Azaris, Kurds and Lurs for the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes (c2=0.17, df=2, P=0.916). Conclusion: By comparing the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes among Iranian populations, Caucasians and Asians, it is concluded that Azaris, Kurds and Lurs were similar to each other. Taken together, it is suggested that although Azaris are Turkish speaking belong to Caucasians.   Keywords: Iran, GSTT1, GSTM1, Population genetics https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5561 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5561/4553

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1714 1715 Farzan MADADIZADEH Abbas BAHRAMPOUR Seyyed Meysam MOUSAVI Mitra MONTAZERI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5573 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5573/4565

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1662 1669 Hooman ANGOORANI Farzin HALABCHI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The high prevalence and potential side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) misuse by athletes has made it a major public health concern. Epidemiological studies on the abuse of such drugs are mandatory for developing effective preventive drug control programs in sports community. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of AAS abuse and their association with some psycho-socio-demographic factors in Iranian male recreational body-builders. Methods: Between March and October 2011; 906 recreational male body-builders from 103 randomly selected bodybuilding clubs in Tehran, Iran were participated in this study. Some psycho-socio- demographic factors including age, job, average family income, family size, sport experience (months), weekly duration of the sporting activity (h), purpose of participation in sporting activity, mental health as well as body image (via General Health Questionnaire and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, respectively), and history of AAS use were obtained by interviews using questionnaires. Results: Participants were all recreational male body-builders [mean age (SD): 25.7 (7.1), ranging 14-56 yr]. Self-report of AAS abuse was registered in 150 body-builders (16.6%). Among different psycho-socio-demographic factors, only family income and sport experience were inversely associated with AAS abuse. Conclusion: Lifetime prevalence of AAS abuse is relatively high among recreational body-builders based on their self-report. Some psycho-socio-demographic factors including family income and sport experience may influence the prevalence of AAS abuse.   Keywords: Anabolic agents, Ergogenic, Doping, Iran, Body-building, Sports, Athlete https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5562 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5562/4554

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1716 1717 Seyyed Meysam Mousavi Mehdi HAGHI Mahdi GHARASI MANSHADI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5574 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5574/4566

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1670 1676 Kourosh HOLAKOUIE-NAIENI Alireza AHMADVAND Owais RAZA Abraham ASSAN Adel Hussein ELDUMA Alieu JAMMEH Aram Salih Mohammed Amin KAMALI Ahang Abdullah KAREEM Fatima Mahmud MUHAMMAD Hasnain SABAHAT Kabir Ozigi ABDULLAHI Raeed Ahmad SAEED Sami Najmaddin SAEED 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: The emergence and spread of Ebola outbreak is a growing problem worldwide, which represents a significant threat to public health. Evidence has shown that the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of people in the society play major roles in controlling the spread of Ebola virus disease. This study was designed to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of students at School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences towards Ebola. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in Tehran, Iran in 2014 using a pretested self-administered questionnaire on a stratified sample of 400 students. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results: All-in-all, 385 students returned the completed questionnaires making a response rate of 96.3%., 239 (62.2%) were females and 145 (37.8%) were males. The mean age of female and males were 28.44 and 30.3 years respectively. Of the 385students, 83 (21.7%) were studying at PhD level, 210 (55.0%) at Masters Level (including MPH) and 89 (23.3%) at Bachelors level. knowledge of the students regarding EVD transmission was lowest among students of Department of Occupational Health (50.0%), followed by Health Education and Promotion Department (33.3%). Virology Department recorded the highest percentage of students who had selected correct answers regarding EVD prevention (100.0%) Conclusion: These findings will aid in the assessment of the adequacy of current students’ educational curriculum. Also, it will provide further insight in designing future multifaceted interventions to promote specific messages to change attitude and improve practice.   Keywords: Ebola, Outbreak, Tehran, Iran, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Students https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5563 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5563/4555

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1718 1719 Abdollah MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI Hamid SALEHINIYA Salman KHAZAEI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5575 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5575/4567

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1677 1684 Morteza HAJIHOSSEINI Javad FARADMAL Abdolazim SADIGHI-PASHAKI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer after lung cancer. Survival of BC patients is affected by intermediate events. This study was aimed to investigate the disease course of primary non-metastatic BC patients with first recurrence of the tumor (FRT) as the intermediate event using the illness- death model. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 529 Iranian females with BC underwent surgery, from 1995 to 2013. Patients, tumor and treatment characteristics were collected from medical records of the patients. The illness-death model were used to investigate the relationship between these factors and survival time. Data were analyzed using version 3.1.1 of R software. Results: The risk of FRT in patients who had tumors size in the range of 2-5 cm and >5 cm was 1.3 and 3.5 times higher than that of patients with tumor size ≤2 cm, respectively (P<0.001). Furthermore, risk of death in patients aged ≥50 years was 1.6 times higher compared to patients aged less than 50 years (P =0.012). Risk of death after metastasis in patients with tumor size >5 cm was 2.1 times higher than patients with tumor size ≤2 cm (P =0.019). Conclusions: The stage of the disease and tumor size have statistically significant effects on patients’ survival before occurrence of the FRT. Furthermore, illness-death model was found to be a useful tool in modeling the disease course of BC patients.   Keywords: Breast cancer, Intermediate events, Illness- death model, Survival analysis https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5564 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5564/4556

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1720 1722 Ali MAHDAVI FARD Rana SORKHABI Arezou TAJLIL 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract.  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5576 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5576/4568

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1685 1692 Nazak AMANIDAZ Ali ZAFARZADEH Amir Hossein MAHVI