Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 1 8 A Kanekar A Bitto 2015 10 03 Background: Ethics is a discipline, which primarily deals with what is moral and immoral behavior. Public Health Ethics is translation of ethical theories and concepts into practice to address complex multidimensional public health problems. The primary purpose of this paper was to conduct a narrative literature review-addressing role of ethics in developing curriculum in programs and schools of public health, ethics-related instruction in schools and programs of public health and the role of ethics in developing a competent public health workforce. Methods: An open search of various health databases including Google scholar and Ebscohost yielded 15 articles related to use of ethics in public health practice or public health training and the salient features were reported.   Results: Results indicated a variable amount of ethics' related training in schools and programs of public health along with public health practitioner training across the nation. Bioethics, medical ethics and public health ethics were found to be subspecialties' needing separate ethical frameworks to guide decision making. Conclusions: Ethics based curricular and non-curricular training for emerging public health professionals from schools and programs of public health in the United States is extremely essential.  In the current age of public health challenges faced in the United States and globally, to have an ethically untrained public health force is arguably, immoral and unethical and jeopardizes population health.  There is an urgent need to develop innovative ethic based curriculums in academia as well as finding effective means to translate these curricular competencies into public health practice. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2584 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2584/2564

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 9 18 A Bakhtiari Z Yassin P Hanachi A Rahmat Z Ahmad P Sajadi S Shojaei 2015 10 03 Background: To examine the effects of soy [in the form of textured soy protein (TSP) and soy-nut] on body composition in elderly women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: A 12-week randomized clinical trial was conducted on 75 women between 60-70 years of age with MetS in rural health clinics around Babol, Iran in 2009. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups of soy-nut (35g/d), TSP (35g/d) and control. Body fat, lean mass and anthropometric indicators were measured before and after intervention, too. Results: Participants were classified as overweight and showing android fat distribution. After 12 weeks of intervention, both soy-nut and TSP groups showed an increase of non-significant in lean mass (0.9 and 0.7 kg), hip circumference (0.45 and 0.28 cm), triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness (0.87 and 0.67mm) and reduction in BMI (-0.15 and -0.33), waist circumference (-0.83 and -1.2) and body fat (-1.5% and -1.7%). Significant increase in the mean change of TSF and lean mass was observed in the users of soy-nut compared to the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05).  Conclusion: 12-week intervention of soy had a mild favorable effect on body composition in elderly women with MetS. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2585 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2585/2565

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 19 25 GS Dauletova LL Karp KS Absattarova 2015 10 03 Background: In Kazakhstan, as in many other countries, a transformation of the traditional stereotypes of reproductive behavior, and change the types of family relationships is occurred. It is caused by social status changes, by the transformation of women's valuable orientations and social-role attitudes. The objective of this study was to identify the indicators of reproductive units and the motives for having children in the family. Methods: Designed questionnaires were used to study the regulation of fertility in young families, and women's views about the ideal, desired, and expected number of children per family. The survey covered 1017 respondents aged less than 39 years. Results: Expected number of children in the family depends on living conditions. The average expected number of children per family increases with improvement of living conditions and with increases in income. Statistically significant differences in the average expected number of children in families with a satisfactory and good income compared to poor income (P <0.001). Revealed the predominance of the expected, desired and ideal number of children among women of Asian ethnic group and on the desired and ideal number of children the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05). By mathematical formula that based on a poll can be calculated probability of birth of each child in the family. Conclusion: Reproductive attitudes of Astana women depend on age, educational level, income, professional employment, marital status, and ethnicity. The findings confirm the hypothesis that family plans are largely exposed to specific conditions of life. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2586 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2586/2566

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 26 34 H Zhou Zr Guo Xs Hu Lg Yu Bh Xu M Wu Zy Zhou C Yang PMMJS Study Group 2015 10 03 Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is the syndrome closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Few prospective studies have compared the impact of dynamic changes of MS on the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods: Overall, 3461 subjects were recruited from a cohort study on Prevention of Multiple Metabolic disorders and MS in Jiangsu of China (PMMJS) with a follow up of 3.8 years. The associations between the dynamic changes (Difference, the value at first follow-up subtract the value at baseline) of MS, component numbers, components and relative risk (RR) of CVD were analyzed by using Cox regression model. Results: The total incidence standardized rate of CVD was 2.58%,and the incidence standardized rates of CVD in MS-/follow-up MS-,baseline MS-/follow-up MS+, baseline MS+/follow-up MS- and baseline MS+/follow-up groups were 2.05%,5.01%,1.65% and 4.39% separately. After adjustment confounding factors Difference in FPG, BP and TG have significantly effects on the incidence of CVD. Conclusion: Difference of MS component numbers had the prediction ability of CVD, but MS groups based on baseline and first follow-up MS and/or non-MS had not. In Chinese, the dynamic change of MS component numbers was a useful predict factor for CVD. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2587 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2587/2567

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 35 45 SH Abbaszadeh Ahranjani H Kashani MH Forouzanfar HR Aghaei Meybodi B Larijani M Aalaa MR Mohajeri-Tehrani 2015 10 03 Background: Obesity is an important and life-threatening disease, associated with different chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. We sought to address the paucity of information on the trends of anthropometric indices such as weight, waist circumference, and body mass index in the adult population of Iran. Methods: We drew upon data from the First Non-communicable Disease Survey in Iran in 2005. In total, 79,611 participants between 20 and 64 years old were selected via the random multistage cluster sampling. The Lambda Median Scale method was applied to construct normal curves for anthropometric indices. Results: The mean of waist circumference in both genders increased with age and in all the age groups except those between 20 and 24 years old was higher in the women. The mean of body mass index was higher in all the age brackets in the women, but the means of weight and height were higher in the men. The association of theses indices with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was stronger in men. Conclusion: The ranges of waist circumference and body mass index in Iranian population are different from those of other countries. The higher body mass index and waist circumference in females and the direct association between obesity and chronic diseases, is advisable that the effects of this phenomenon be fully investigated and due heed be paid to the importance of lifestyle modification. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2588 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2588/2568

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 46 54 AA Noorbala M Agah Heris A Alipour E Mousavi G Farazi 2015 10 03 Background: To compare mental health and well- being in different levels of the perceived discrimination among Iranian people living in Tehran. Method: Using multi- stage sampling, 1255 subjects with the average age of 45 years and 9 months (including 672 women and 583 men) were selected and they completed all items of the general health questionnaire (GHQ), the social well- being inventory (SWI), personal well- being inventory (PWI), and a question to assess the perceived discrimination. Results: Data analysis by Kruskal- Wallis test revealed that there were significant differences between physical symptoms (χ2=5.93, P<0.05) and depression (χ 2=15.70, P<0.05), the subscales of mental health in different levels of the perceived discrimination. Furthermore, comparing personal well- being scores and its subscales in different levels of the perceived discrimination showed significant differences in personal hygiene (χ2=7.20, P<0.05), and security in future (χ2=7.60, P<0.05). Emotional well- being (χ2=12.25, P<0.05), self-rule (χ2=7.45, P<0.05), personal growth (χ2=19.87, P<0.05), and psychological well- being (χ2= 9.09, P<0.05) were significantly different in different levels of the perceived discrimination, too. Moreover, comparing social well- being in different levels of the perceived discrimination indicated significant differences between social acceptance (χ 2=14.91, P<0.05), and social participation (χ 2= 10.91, P<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, people are more active in society, increases the possibility of encountering with discrimination and consequently the perception of that. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2589 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2589/2569

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 55 62 Sh Djalalinia F Ramezani Tehrani H Malek Afzali N Peykari M Baradaran Eftekhari 2015 10 03 Background: More than 36 % of the total population of Iran consists of young people aged 15 to 25 yr. Recent studies show that this age group has the highest rate of serious health problems. Youth participatory studies on youth health priority have shown that mental health is one of the most important priorities in youth health. Aim to assessing the mental health needs of youth we conducted a peer group based multidisciplinary study. Methods: To conduct a multi disciplinary approach through involving youth for finding their mental health needs and their suggestion for solving them, we designed a qualitative approach based on grounded theory. To data collection, we used a semi-structured guide questionnaire. Sixteen focus group discussions were conducted by trained peers with youth aged 15-25 years. Result: According to FGDs results, most of youth health needs concern with their interpersonal communica­tions skills particularly with their parents'; they had some problems with their parental expectations meet; life skills; self-expression and problem solving process. They were extremely interested in participatory approach in which they involved in assessment and determination of their health problems also in designing health programs. Conclusion: Success of program shows empowering the community through capacity building and notice to peer group-based interventions to critical enhancing in various aspects of youth health is the most effective method to needs assessment and community mobilization for better health. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2590 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2590/2570

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 4 2012 04 15 63 68 H Sharifi R Kharaghani S Sigari 1. Centre for Collective Reflection & Implementation of Ideas, Undersecretary for Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran. Masoud Yousefvand 2. Deputy of Research, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 This study represents scientific production of Iran in medical sciences field at recent years, and the correlation between scientific productions with the number of indexed journals.Data extracted from SCOPUS database between years 2000 and 2011, and Iran's performance measured in terms of different Scientometrics indexes including self-citations, percent of cited articles, number of articles with international collaboration and contribution of Iran in medical sciences in Middle East and world. Moreover correlation between the number of articles, citations, self-citations, and H-index and number of indexed journals for 50 countries in all fields is included.In 2011 year, Iran contributed 32.77 percent of the Middle East, and accounted for 1.57 percent of the world scientific production. The most frequent document type was original journal article published in English. Retrieved records revealed preferred subject areas, including medicine miscellaneous (14.53 percent of Iran publications in 2011 year). In 2011, according to the number of articles and citations to them, Iran was at 17th and 23th position between 226 countries, respectively. After adjustment for 19708 journals from 50 countries, Iran's rank based on the number of journals in medical sciences was 24th.The number of indexed journals with number of articles, citations, self-citations, and H-index of each country showed significant correlation (P-value<0.01). In recent years, by favoring quality over quantity of researches, the new rules have proven to be more effective for discriminating Iranian scientific productions. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4391 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4391/4040

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 10 2013 10 15 1139 1144 Mohammad Ahmadpanah 1. Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, Iran. Mehdi Mirzaei Alavijeh 2. Dept. of Health Education, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd, Iran. Hamid Allahverdipour 3. Dept. of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran. Farzad Jalilian 4. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran. Mohammad Haghighi 1. Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, Iran. Ali Afsar 1. Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, Iran. Hassan Gharibnavaz 5. Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 One of the most important factors affecting relapse of addiction is craving beliefs of substance use. The goal of the present study was assessment of the effectiveness of coping skills education program to reduce craving beliefs among opium addicts.In a randomized controlled trial, during September 2011 to August 2012, 70 opium addicted men referred to the Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center in Hamadan, western Iran were assigned to intervention group (receiving coping skills education program) and control groups. The study information was analyzed using SPSS software.Regarding craving beliefs for continuing drug use, the two groups had similar scales at the beginning of interventional program, while the level of these beliefs was significantly reduced in the intervention group (P= 0.002), but not in the control group (P= 0.105). Also, a significant correlation was also revealed between taking advantage of the educational program and increase awareness of the signs of relapse in the intervention group (P=0.003) that was not revealed in the control (P= 0.174). On the other hand, executing coping skills education program led to reducecraving beliefs and improve knowledge towards signs of relapse.Our findings demonstrate positive impact of coping skills education program after detoxification process on decrease of craving beliefs among opium addicts. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4389 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4389/4038

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 10 2013 10 15 1145 1150 Zeinab Khodaverdi 1. Dept. of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University , Tehran, Iran. Abbas Bahram 1. Dept. of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University , Tehran, Iran. Hassan Khalaji 2. Dept. of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University , Arak, Iran. Anoshirvan Kazemnejad 3. Dept. of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbait Modarres University , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 The main purpose of this study was to determine which correlate, perceived motor competence or motor skill competence, best predicts girls' physical activity behavior.A sample of 352 girls (mean age=8.7, SD=0.3 yr) participated in this study. To assess motor skill competence and perceived motor competence, each child completed the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 and Physical Ability sub-scale of Marsh's Self-Description Questionnaire. Children's physical activity was assessed by the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Multiple linear regression model was used to determine whether perceived motor competence or motor skill competence best predicts moderate-to-vigorous self-report physical activity.Multiple regression analysis indicated that motor skill competence and perceived motor competence predicted 21% variance in physical activity (R(2)=0.21, F=48.9, P=0.001), and motor skill competence (R(2)=0.15, ᵝ=0.33, P= 0.001) resulted in more variance than perceived motor competence (R(2)=0.06, ᵝ=0.25, P=0.001) in physical activity.Results revealed motor skill competence had more influence in comparison with perceived motor competence on physical activity level. We suggest interventional programs based on motor skill competence and perceived motor competence should be administered or implemented to promote physical activity in young girls. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4387 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4387/4036

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 10 2013 10 15 1151 1157 Reza Ranjbar 1. Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Farzaneh Mirsaeed Ghazi 2. Dept. of Biochemistry, Payam Noor University , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Shigella sonnei is considered as a major cause of diarrheal disease in both developing and developed countries. Iran is one of the endemic areas of shigellosis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility and genetic relatedness of S. sonnei strains isolated from pediatric patients in Tehran, Iran.The study included all S. sonnei strains isolated from pediatric patients with diarrhea admitted to several hospitals in Tehran, Iran, during 2008-2010. Shigella spp. strains were recovered from patients using standard microbiological methods. S. sonnei strains were further studied by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) - PCR analysis.Eighty nine Shigella isolates were isolated. S. sonnei was themost prevalent Shigella species (60.7%) followed by, S. flexneri (31.5%). Eleven antimicrobial resistance patterns (R1-R11) were identified among S. sonnei isolates. The majority of the strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and streptomycin. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftizoxime and chloramphenicol. All strains were typable by ERIC-PCR. Five ERIC-PCR patterns (E1-E5) were found among S. sonnei isolates; however the half of the isolates was clustered in E4 pattern.The antibiotic resistance rates are increasing among S. sonnei strains. Moreover, a predominant clone or limited clones of S. sonnei were responsible for shigellosis caused by this Shigella species in pediatric patients in Tehran, Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4385 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4385/4034

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 10 2013 10 15 1158 1166 Fatemeh Sadat Hoseini 1. Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Eslami 2. Dept. of Population, Family and School Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran. Mohammed Abbasi 3. Family Planning Office, Gilan University of Medical Sciences , Rasht, Iran. Fatemeh Noroozi Fashkhami 3. Family Planning Office, Gilan University of Medical Sciences , Rasht, Iran. Soheila Besharati 3. Family Planning Office, Gilan University of Medical Sciences , Rasht, Iran. 2015 10 15 We aimed to compare acceptability of Levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen among Iranian women based on their side-effects and resulting changes in the amount and pattern of menses.Five hundred twenty nine participants aged 15-49 having regular menses and one act of unprotected intercourse within 72 h were included in the double-blind, controlled trial in 2006-2007 and randomly assigned into LNG (n=263) and HD (n=266) groups, receiving Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg given 12 h apart and ethinyl estradiol 100 μg plus 0.5 mg Levonorgestrel 0.5 mg repeated after 12 h, respectively.The participants receiving Levonorgestrel experienced significantly lower side-effects in the case of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness (P<0.05). The changes occurred in the amount and pattern of menses were the same for both groups (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed between the efficiencies of the treatments.Significantly lower side-effects of Levonorgestrel can be considered as greater acceptability and translated to higher efficiency. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4383 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4383/4032

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 10 2013 10 15 1167 1173 Masoud Mehrpour 1. Dept. of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Narges Sadat Shams-Hosseini 2. Dept. of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Center Research of Occupational Disease; Firoozgar Clinical Research Developmental Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Saeed Rezaali 3. Sina MS Research Center, Sina Hospital, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch , Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ali Sahraiian 4. Dept. of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Sara Taki 5. Firoozgar Clinical Research Developmental Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the autoimmune diseases with an unknown cause. The aim of this study was to explore the link between air quality and MS relapses in patients who suffer from MS.This time-series study was conducted on patients registered at the Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Society in 2011-2012. They were randomly selected from patients lived in Tehran in the last five years, and had at least one relapse in the last three years. The link between monthly mean air pollutant levels and the relapses of MS in the participants was studied.Among the registered 160 participants, at least 150 had one attack during 2009 and 2012. Most air pollutants such as NO2, NO and CO are in high levels in the rainy season. Others like Pm10 and Nox are in high levels in the dry season. The correlation between NO2 levels of all markers of air quality and MS relapses (P=0.03, r=0.27) is weak. Best ARIMA model (p,d,q; 1,0,1) was determined between number of monthly relapses and living place, although this model was not significant (P=0.3) (AR; P=0.000, MA;P=0.4).Air pollutants might be regarded as a risk factor for MS relapse. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4381 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4381/4030

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 42 10 2013 10 15 1174 1180 Masoume Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi 1. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ashori 2. Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran. Seyede Somaye Jalilabkenar 3. Dept. of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 15 Deafness is a common neural-sensory impairment which leads to lower life quality, withdrawal, social activities reduction, and rejection feeling. So, it is important to plan suitable training programs for mental health promotion of deaf children. Emotional intelligence training is one of these programs. The present study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on