Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 1 11 Ka-wai FAN 2015 10 03 This paper discusses central-local relations for healthcare policy in China from a principal-agent perspective, based on schistosomiasis control. In order to control the disease, the central government produced the Outline of the Mid-Long-Term National Plan for Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control (2004-2015) in 2004. By discussing the implementation of the National Outline at the provincial level, the author uses principal-agent theory to examine conflict and coordination between the central and provincial governments. The documents were collected from the Internet. Although the central and provincial governments all want to eliminate schistosomiasis, allocating funding among them creates conflict and forms an obstacle to achieving the goal.  This paper extensively discusses the topics related to central-provincial relation and schistosomiasis control program. Further case study on a single province may be needed to intensify the discussion from a micro perspective. The conflict between central and provincial relations needs to be resolved in order to implement the national policy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2554 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2554/2534

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 12 20 M Zaré S Ghaychi Afrouz 2015 10 03 The huge earthquake in 11 March 2012 which followed by a destructive tsunami in Japan was largest recorded earthquake in the history. Japan is pioneer in disaster management, especially earthquakes. How this developed country faced this disaster, which had significant worldwide effects? The humanitarian behavior of the Japanese people amazingly wondered the word's media, meanwhile the management of government and authorities showed some deficiencies. The impact of the disaster is followed up after the event and the different impacts are tried to be analyzed in different sectors. The situation one year after Japan 2011 earthquake and Tsunami is overviewed. The reason of Japanese plans failure was the scale of tsunami, having higher waves than what was assumed, especially in the design of the Nuclear Power Plant. Japanese authorities considered economic benefits more than safety and moral factors exacerbate the situation. Major lessons to be learnt are 1) the effectiveness of disaster management should be restudied in all hazardous countries; 2) the importance of the high-Tech early-warning systems in reducing risk; 3) Reconsidering of extreme values expected/possible hazard and risk levels is necessary; 4) Morality and might be taken as an important factor in disaster management; 5) Sustainable development should be taken as the basis for reconstruction after disaster. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2555 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2555/2535

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 21 26 C Roman L Scripcariu A Grigoriu 2015 10 03 Background: Biocides for prolonging the shelf life of a large variety of materials have been extensively used over the last decades. It has estimated that the worldwide biocide consumption to be about 12.4 billion dollars in 2011, and is expected to increase in 2012. As biocides are substances we get in contact with in our everyday lives, access to this type of information is of paramount importance in order to ensure an appropriate living environment. Consequently, a database where information may be quickly processed, sorted, and easily accessed, according to different search criteria, is the most desirable solution. The main aim of this work was to design and implement a relational database with complete information about biocides used in public health management to improve the quality of life. Methods: Design and implementation of a relational database for biocides, by using the software "phpMyAdmin". Results: A database, which allows for an efficient collection, storage, and management of information including chemical properties and applications of a large quantity of biocides, as well as its adequate dissemination into the public health environment. Conclusion: The information contained in the database herein presented promotes an adequate use of biocides, by means of information technologies, which in consequence may help achieve important improvement in our quality of life. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2556 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2556/2536

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 27 38 A Ahsan M Alamgir NN Nik Daud 2015 10 03 Background: Developing cities like Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh, have now begun to confess the environmental and public health risks associated with uncontrolled dumping of solid wastes mainly due to the active participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) in municipal solid waste (MSW) management. Methods: A survey was conducted to observe the present scenarios of secondary disposal site (SDS), ultimate disposal site (UDS), composting plants, medical wastes management and NGOs and CBOs MSW management activities. Results: A total of 22 NGOs and CBOs are involved in MSW management in 31 wards of Khulna City Corporation. About 9 to 12% of total generated wastes are collected by door-to-door collection system provided by mainly NGOs and CBOs using 71 non-motorized rickshaw vans. A major portion of collected wastes is disposed to the nearest SDS by these organizations and then transferred to UDS or to private low-lying lands from there by the city authority. A small portion of organic wastes is going to the composting plants of NGOs. Conclusion: The participation of NGOs and CBOs has improved the overall MSW management system, especially waste collection process from sources and able to motivate the residents to store the waste properly and to keep clean the premises. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2557 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2557/2537

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 39 49 A Malik A Yasar AB Tabinda M Abubakar 2015 10 03 Background: Almost one third of the global population is living in developing South Asia where disease occurrence is high especially in rural areas and people are unaware of water-borne diseases and cost of illness. Methods: The quantitative approach involved questionnaire based study (n=50 households). The community awareness, the occurrence of water-borne diseases with related cost of illness and community participation for the introduction of health interventions for water-borne diseases were evaluated through cross-tabulations, correlations, and ANOVA. Results: Majority (40%) of the community had no knowledge of water-borne diseases except some had little knowledge of diarrhea and typhoid.  Diarrhea followed by stomach diseases was widespread in the community. Population below poverty level was bearing the cost of illness around US$ 0.6-1.2 (Rs 50-100) per day followed by low and average income level with direct cost of US$ 2.3 (Rs 200) per day. The indirect cost of illness had showed increasing trend between US$ 2.3-4.7 (Rs 200-400) per day with increase in income levels. Maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for water supply and sewerage system was US$ 3.6 (Rs 300) and US$ 1.2 (Rs 100) per month respectively. Income and water supply demand was strongly correlated with acceptability to pay for the facilities (r = 0.319, 0.307; P< 0.05). Income had a strong influence on WTP for water and sewerage system (r = 0.805, 0.797; P< 0.05). Conclusion: To maintain rural health, water-borne diseases can be reduced by introducing health interventions like proper water and sanitation facilities. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2558 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2558/2538

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 50 57 Jong-Hyuck Kim Wi-Young So 2015 10 03 Background: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the frequency of breakfast eating was related with overweight/obesity in Korean adolescents. Method: We analyzed the data collected in the 5th KYRBWS, in which 72,399 adolescents participated in 2009. We assessed the association between frequency of breakfast eating and body mass index by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 20,962(54.9%) boys and 18,479(54.0%) girls skipped breakfast 7 days(all days) per week at baseline. For boys, the odds ratios(ORs) between being overweight and frequency of breakfast eating were 1.040 for 3-5 times per week, 1.092 for 1-2 time(s) per week, 1.059 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). The ORs between being obese and frequency of breakfast eating were 1.011 for 3-5 times per week, 0.968 for 1-2 time(s) per week, and 0.932 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). For girls, the ORs between being overweight and frequency of breakfast eating were 0.990 for 3-5 times per week, 0.992 for 1-2 time(s) per week, 1.019 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). The ORs between being obese and frequency of breakfast eating were 1.075 for 3-5 times per week, 0.946 for 1-2 time(s) per week, and 0.941 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of breakfast eating has no correlation with overweight/obesity in Korean adolescents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2559 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2559/2539

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 58 64 M Farhadian H Mahjub A Moghimbeigi J Poorolajal GH Sadri 2015 10 03 Background: The two most frequently diagnosed cancers among women worldwide are breast and cervical cancers. The objective of the present study was to classify the different countries based on the death rates from sex specific cancers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used dataset regarding death rate from breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers in 190 countries worldwide reported by World Health Organization. Normal mixture models were fitted with different numbers of components to these data. The model's parameters estimated using the EM algorithm. Then, appropriate number of components was determined and was selected the best-fit model using the BIC criteria. Next, model-based clustering was used to allocate the world countries into different clusters based on the distribution of women's cancers. The MIXMOD program using MATLAB software was used for data analysis. Results: The best model selected with four components. Then, countries were allocated into four clusters including 43 (23%) in the first cluster, 28 (14%) in the second cluster, 75 (39%) in the third cluster, and 44 (24%) in the fourth cluster. Most countries in South America were to the first cluster. In addition, most countries in Africa, Central, and Southeast Asia were located to the third cluster. Furthermore, the fourth cluster consisted of Pacific continent, North America and European countries. Conclusion: Considering the benefits of clustering based on normal mixture models, it seems that can be applied this method in wide variety of medical and public heath contexts. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2560 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2560/2540

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 65 71 F Kheirandish M Bandehpour A Haghighi F Mahboudi M Mohebali B Kazemi 2015 10 03 Background: Protozoa related to Trypanosome family including Leishmania, synthesize enzymes to escape from drug therapy. One of them is PTR1 that its enzymatic activity is similar to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Dihydrofolate reductase - thymidylate synthase has a major role in DNA synthesis, if it is inhibited, the result would be the death of parasite. Since PTR1 activity is similar to DHFR, causes the decrease of inhibition effect of drug. The aim of this study was inhibition of Iranian L. major PTR1 expression with mRNA antisense in prokaryotic system as an approach to appear of the drugs therapeutic effects more. Methods: PTR1 gene  was ligated to pACYCDuet-1 and pcDNA3 plasmids as sense and antisense plasmids, respectively. Simultaneously transfer of sense and antisense plasmids was done in E. coli strain M15. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis were carried out to analyze the expression. Results: Sense and antisense plasmids were prepared and confirmed by restriction analysis and PCR then simultaneously transfer of them was done. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed PTR1 gene was inhibited by mRNA antisense in bacterial cells. Conclusion: Expression of PTR1 gene in sense plasmid was inhibited successfully by antisense plasmid. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2561 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2561/2541

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 72 79 Z Jahanshiri M Shams-Ghahfarokhi A Allameh M Razzaghi-Abyaneh 2015 10 03 <65

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1528 1531 Meysam SHARIFDINI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Elham HAJIALILO Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Laleh GHANBARZADEH Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Mehrzad SARAEI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran 2019 07 18 We report a human case of Hymenolepis diminuta infection in Guilan Province, northern part of Iran in 2017. The patient was a 15-month-old boy with gastrointestinal symptoms. In stool examination, eggs of H. diminuta was found based on morphological characteristic. The infant was successfully treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel, and then completely recovered. For the first time, we report human infection with this species in north of Iran.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17828 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17828/6482

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1535 1536 Aria GUSTI Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia 25121 Resi Arifa YURNAL Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia 25121 2019 07 18 No Abstract#### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17830 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17830/6484

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1518 1522 Mojtaba NOWROZI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Gholam Reza MOWLAVI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa ALISHAVANDI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Gholamreza HATAM Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2019 07 18 Background: Parasitoses are among the most important problems of most countries especially developing countries. We aimed to detect the situation of intestinal parasitic infections in the Farashband district in Fars Province South of Iran and identify influential factors in the escalation of parasitic diseases and to reduce them. Methods: Overall, 1009 participants from the age of 6 months to 90 years were selected from 3 cities and 15 villages of Farashband district, Fars Province South of Iran from 2015 to 2016. Parasitological methods such as the direct assay method, formalin-ether concentration method, and zinc sulfate flotation were used for diagnosis of worm eggs, cysts, and protozoa trophozoite. Susceptible and protozoan positive samples were stained using the Trichrome staining method. The modified acid-fast staining procedure was conducted for diarrheal samples and the results were used for diagnosis of coccidia. Results: Overall, 313 subjects were infected with at least one intestinal parasite (pathogenic and nonpathogenic). Helminthes infection and protozoan infection were observed in 9 (0.9%) and 304 (30.13%) participants, respectively. Fecal samples of 34 patients with diarrheal feces were used to prepare smears for further examinations using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Examinations showed no infection with coccidia. Conclusion: Helminthes infection has decreased drastically but protozoan infection is still considered a health issue in this region. It is possible to reduce parasitic infections through proper measures such as increasing public awareness and education the public, especially children on health problems with education courses.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17824 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17824/6479

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1452 1460 Chai YANG School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China And TheFirst Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230031, PR China Wei GU The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, 230031, PR China Tongzhu LIU The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, 230031, PR China 2019 07 18 Background: Supply, processing, and distribution (SPD) model is sparingly used in hospitals in China. We evaluated its effects on the management efficiency, quality control, and operating costs of medical consumables (MCs) in the clinical nursing surroundings in a single Chinese hospital-Anhui Provincial Hospital from 2014 to 2015. Methods: Amount-based packages (ABP) and procedure-based packages (PBP) models were created. They were introduced the use of quick response (QR) code scanning for using in clinical nursing departments (CNDs). Questionnaires were prepared by referring to previous literature and using Delphi method repeatedly, further discussed and formalized. Partial results of the formal questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Frequency of MCs claims reduced without any requirements of MCs in 70% of CNDs. Average time spent on the inventory per week decreased and the time required to procure MCs reduced. Moreover, the average satisfaction score with MCs management increased, reaching 100%. Average space occupied by MCs decreased significantly, reducing by 1.2444m3. Overall, 100% of the respondents concluded that the management of MCs improved effectively and the inventory turnover rate had accelerated. The cost of MCs decreased by 15% with more than 10% increase in in-hospital amount, and the average daily cost of MCs also showed decrease. Conclusion: SPD can improve the efficiency of MCs management in CNDs, reducing medical risks and disputes, saving hospital operating costs, and decreasing capital occupation.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17816 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17816/6471

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1418 1427 Marita MOHAMMADSHAHI Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Minoo ALIPOURI SAKHA Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Atefeh ESFANDIARI Department of Health Policy, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Maryam SHIRVANI Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali AKBARI SARI Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 07 18 Background: Mobile technologies are widely used in healthcare. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of fixed computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the mobile ones. Methods: In this systematic review, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and CRD database were searched from 1995 to 2015. The data on safety and effectiveness of technologies were extracted from included studies. Because the review showed no significant differences in the performance of mobile CT and MRI compared to the fixed ones, then a cost minimization approach was used to explore the cost-effectiveness of three scenarios.   Results: Twenty two articles were included in the review that showed no statistically significant differences in the performance of mobile MRI and CT scan compared to the fixed ones. The cost minimization approach showed that the third scenario based on purchasing a common mobile MRI and CT scan; and using it by two or more hospitals that are in rational distance from each other is associated with the lowest costs, so it is the most cost-effectiveness strategy. Conclusion: The performance of Mobile CT and mobile MRI is comparable to the fixed ones; and using a combined mobile CT and MRI by two or three hospitals is the most cost-effective approach.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17