Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 1 11 Ka-wai FAN 2015 10 03 This paper discusses central-local relations for healthcare policy in China from a principal-agent perspective, based on schistosomiasis control. In order to control the disease, the central government produced the Outline of the Mid-Long-Term National Plan for Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control (2004-2015) in 2004. By discussing the implementation of the National Outline at the provincial level, the author uses principal-agent theory to examine conflict and coordination between the central and provincial governments. The documents were collected from the Internet. Although the central and provincial governments all want to eliminate schistosomiasis, allocating funding among them creates conflict and forms an obstacle to achieving the goal.  This paper extensively discusses the topics related to central-provincial relation and schistosomiasis control program. Further case study on a single province may be needed to intensify the discussion from a micro perspective. The conflict between central and provincial relations needs to be resolved in order to implement the national policy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2554 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2554/2534

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 12 20 M Zaré S Ghaychi Afrouz 2015 10 03 The huge earthquake in 11 March 2012 which followed by a destructive tsunami in Japan was largest recorded earthquake in the history. Japan is pioneer in disaster management, especially earthquakes. How this developed country faced this disaster, which had significant worldwide effects? The humanitarian behavior of the Japanese people amazingly wondered the word's media, meanwhile the management of government and authorities showed some deficiencies. The impact of the disaster is followed up after the event and the different impacts are tried to be analyzed in different sectors. The situation one year after Japan 2011 earthquake and Tsunami is overviewed. The reason of Japanese plans failure was the scale of tsunami, having higher waves than what was assumed, especially in the design of the Nuclear Power Plant. Japanese authorities considered economic benefits more than safety and moral factors exacerbate the situation. Major lessons to be learnt are 1) the effectiveness of disaster management should be restudied in all hazardous countries; 2) the importance of the high-Tech early-warning systems in reducing risk; 3) Reconsidering of extreme values expected/possible hazard and risk levels is necessary; 4) Morality and might be taken as an important factor in disaster management; 5) Sustainable development should be taken as the basis for reconstruction after disaster. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2555 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2555/2535

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 21 26 C Roman L Scripcariu A Grigoriu 2015 10 03 Background: Biocides for prolonging the shelf life of a large variety of materials have been extensively used over the last decades. It has estimated that the worldwide biocide consumption to be about 12.4 billion dollars in 2011, and is expected to increase in 2012. As biocides are substances we get in contact with in our everyday lives, access to this type of information is of paramount importance in order to ensure an appropriate living environment. Consequently, a database where information may be quickly processed, sorted, and easily accessed, according to different search criteria, is the most desirable solution. The main aim of this work was to design and implement a relational database with complete information about biocides used in public health management to improve the quality of life. Methods: Design and implementation of a relational database for biocides, by using the software "phpMyAdmin". Results: A database, which allows for an efficient collection, storage, and management of information including chemical properties and applications of a large quantity of biocides, as well as its adequate dissemination into the public health environment. Conclusion: The information contained in the database herein presented promotes an adequate use of biocides, by means of information technologies, which in consequence may help achieve important improvement in our quality of life. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2556 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2556/2536

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 27 38 A Ahsan M Alamgir NN Nik Daud 2015 10 03 Background: Developing cities like Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh, have now begun to confess the environmental and public health risks associated with uncontrolled dumping of solid wastes mainly due to the active participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) in municipal solid waste (MSW) management. Methods: A survey was conducted to observe the present scenarios of secondary disposal site (SDS), ultimate disposal site (UDS), composting plants, medical wastes management and NGOs and CBOs MSW management activities. Results: A total of 22 NGOs and CBOs are involved in MSW management in 31 wards of Khulna City Corporation. About 9 to 12% of total generated wastes are collected by door-to-door collection system provided by mainly NGOs and CBOs using 71 non-motorized rickshaw vans. A major portion of collected wastes is disposed to the nearest SDS by these organizations and then transferred to UDS or to private low-lying lands from there by the city authority. A small portion of organic wastes is going to the composting plants of NGOs. Conclusion: The participation of NGOs and CBOs has improved the overall MSW management system, especially waste collection process from sources and able to motivate the residents to store the waste properly and to keep clean the premises. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2557 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2557/2537

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 39 49 A Malik A Yasar AB Tabinda M Abubakar 2015 10 03 Background: Almost one third of the global population is living in developing South Asia where disease occurrence is high especially in rural areas and people are unaware of water-borne diseases and cost of illness. Methods: The quantitative approach involved questionnaire based study (n=50 households). The community awareness, the occurrence of water-borne diseases with related cost of illness and community participation for the introduction of health interventions for water-borne diseases were evaluated through cross-tabulations, correlations, and ANOVA. Results: Majority (40%) of the community had no knowledge of water-borne diseases except some had little knowledge of diarrhea and typhoid.  Diarrhea followed by stomach diseases was widespread in the community. Population below poverty level was bearing the cost of illness around US$ 0.6-1.2 (Rs 50-100) per day followed by low and average income level with direct cost of US$ 2.3 (Rs 200) per day. The indirect cost of illness had showed increasing trend between US$ 2.3-4.7 (Rs 200-400) per day with increase in income levels. Maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for water supply and sewerage system was US$ 3.6 (Rs 300) and US$ 1.2 (Rs 100) per month respectively. Income and water supply demand was strongly correlated with acceptability to pay for the facilities (r = 0.319, 0.307; P< 0.05). Income had a strong influence on WTP for water and sewerage system (r = 0.805, 0.797; P< 0.05). Conclusion: To maintain rural health, water-borne diseases can be reduced by introducing health interventions like proper water and sanitation facilities. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2558 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2558/2538

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 50 57 Jong-Hyuck Kim Wi-Young So 2015 10 03 Background: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the frequency of breakfast eating was related with overweight/obesity in Korean adolescents. Method: We analyzed the data collected in the 5th KYRBWS, in which 72,399 adolescents participated in 2009. We assessed the association between frequency of breakfast eating and body mass index by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 20,962(54.9%) boys and 18,479(54.0%) girls skipped breakfast 7 days(all days) per week at baseline. For boys, the odds ratios(ORs) between being overweight and frequency of breakfast eating were 1.040 for 3-5 times per week, 1.092 for 1-2 time(s) per week, 1.059 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). The ORs between being obese and frequency of breakfast eating were 1.011 for 3-5 times per week, 0.968 for 1-2 time(s) per week, and 0.932 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). For girls, the ORs between being overweight and frequency of breakfast eating were 0.990 for 3-5 times per week, 0.992 for 1-2 time(s) per week, 1.019 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). The ORs between being obese and frequency of breakfast eating were 1.075 for 3-5 times per week, 0.946 for 1-2 time(s) per week, and 0.941 for no breakfast per week, compared to 6-7 times per week(p>0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of breakfast eating has no correlation with overweight/obesity in Korean adolescents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2559 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2559/2539

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 58 64 M Farhadian H Mahjub A Moghimbeigi J Poorolajal GH Sadri 2015 10 03 Background: The two most frequently diagnosed cancers among women worldwide are breast and cervical cancers. The objective of the present study was to classify the different countries based on the death rates from sex specific cancers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used dataset regarding death rate from breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers in 190 countries worldwide reported by World Health Organization. Normal mixture models were fitted with different numbers of components to these data. The model's parameters estimated using the EM algorithm. Then, appropriate number of components was determined and was selected the best-fit model using the BIC criteria. Next, model-based clustering was used to allocate the world countries into different clusters based on the distribution of women's cancers. The MIXMOD program using MATLAB software was used for data analysis. Results: The best model selected with four components. Then, countries were allocated into four clusters including 43 (23%) in the first cluster, 28 (14%) in the second cluster, 75 (39%) in the third cluster, and 44 (24%) in the fourth cluster. Most countries in South America were to the first cluster. In addition, most countries in Africa, Central, and Southeast Asia were located to the third cluster. Furthermore, the fourth cluster consisted of Pacific continent, North America and European countries. Conclusion: Considering the benefits of clustering based on normal mixture models, it seems that can be applied this method in wide variety of medical and public heath contexts. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2560 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2560/2540

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 65 71 F Kheirandish M Bandehpour A Haghighi F Mahboudi M Mohebali B Kazemi 2015 10 03 Background: Protozoa related to Trypanosome family including Leishmania, synthesize enzymes to escape from drug therapy. One of them is PTR1 that its enzymatic activity is similar to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Dihydrofolate reductase - thymidylate synthase has a major role in DNA synthesis, if it is inhibited, the result would be the death of parasite. Since PTR1 activity is similar to DHFR, causes the decrease of inhibition effect of drug. The aim of this study was inhibition of Iranian L. major PTR1 expression with mRNA antisense in prokaryotic system as an approach to appear of the drugs therapeutic effects more. Methods: PTR1 gene  was ligated to pACYCDuet-1 and pcDNA3 plasmids as sense and antisense plasmids, respectively. Simultaneously transfer of sense and antisense plasmids was done in E. coli strain M15. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis were carried out to analyze the expression. Results: Sense and antisense plasmids were prepared and confirmed by restriction analysis and PCR then simultaneously transfer of them was done. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed PTR1 gene was inhibited by mRNA antisense in bacterial cells. Conclusion: Expression of PTR1 gene in sense plasmid was inhibited successfully by antisense plasmid. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2561 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2561/2541

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 6 2012 06 15 72 79 Z Jahanshiri M Shams-Ghahfarokhi A Allameh M Razzaghi-Abyaneh 2015 10 03 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9360 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9360/5115

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 Supple 1 2017 03 13 39 46 Maryam PEIMANI Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra ABRISHAMI Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ensieh NASLI-ESFAHANI Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh BANDARIAN Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam GHODSI Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bagher LARIJANI Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 13 2017 03 13 Background: Most adult patients with diabetes have at least one comorbid chronic condition and approximately 40% have three or more. The purpose of this study was to investigate detailed characteristics of studies examining comorbidities of diabetes in Iran and to identify knowledge gaps in this field. Methods: All documents published by Iranian authors in national and international journals until 2015 were evaluated. A wide search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS as well as SID, IranMedex and Magiran databases using proper keywords. The obtained documents were categorized into eleven subgroups of complications, comorbidities, management, psychiatry, nutrition, prevention, physical activity, genetics, basic sciences, education and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Documents were categorized based on WHO and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) classification, the study methodology and topic. Results: Overall, 311 documents were obtained. The trend of publications was ascending since 2000. About 70% of studies were about epidemiology and causes of comorbid disease and more than 90% of studies were clinical research. The design of the most studies was cross-sectional followed by case-control and randomized clinical trial. The most common subject of documents was related to endocrine (28.61%) followed by gastrointestinal (18.32%) and cardiovascular disease (14.14%). Conclusion: Epidemiological studies are the most common type of studies about diabetes comorbidity in Iran and cross-sectional design is the most frequent methodology used while there are few cohorts. There is no study about physiopathology and shared etiology and pathogenesis of these comorbidities and diabetes.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9361 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9361/5116

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 Supple 1 2017 03 13 47 52 Mahboobeh VALA Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ensieh NASLI-ESFAHANI Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam PEIMANI Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz SANJARI Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Masoud ARZAGHI Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bagher LARIJANI Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 13 2017 03 13 Background: Diabetes has become a daunting health and medical challenge as well as a hefty economic burden for societies over the past decades. This study was designed to shed light on the overall trend of research across Iran regarding mental health status of diabetic patients. Method: Search process of the present study is part of search strategy of Iran Diabetes Research Roadmap (IDRR) study. We performed a thorough search about Iran diabetes research output in national (Iranmedex, Magiran, and SID) and international (Pubmed, ISI and Scopus) databases up to 2015. After removing duplicates, 426documents were remained and categorized by subject category, methodology, WHO classification and NHMRC criteria. Results: Most of obtained studies were concerned with quality of life, treatment, intervention, and behavioral disorders. Based on WHO categories, most studies revolved around epidemiology, causes and determinants of health-related outcomes. Methodological classification showed cross-sectional as the favored method of research. In the Australian classification system, most studies were clinical studies. The year 2010 and 2011 had the greatest spike during the study period. Conclusion: Overall trend in publication rate of papers related to the mental health is relatively growing. However, the lack of priority setting is obvious and there is a pressing need for more in-depth evaluations, prioritization of study type and interventional studies based on the needs of patients suffering from diabetes.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9362 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9362/5117

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 Supple 1 2017 03 13 53 59 Fatemeh BANDARIAN Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam OMIDVAR . Toronto Rehabilitation Institute–University Health Network, Brain and Spinal Cord Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Farideh RAZI Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ensieh NASLI-ESFAHANI Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeedeh SAEEDI Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bagher LARIJANI Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 13 2017 03 13 Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide. This study aimed to report characteristics of genetic studies in DM in Iran and to identify knowledge gap in genetics of diabetes in Iran. Methods: All publications of Iranian authors in national and international journals up to 2015 were included. Comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, IranMedex and Magiran using "Diabetes mellitus" and "Iran*" keywords and their combination. This search obtained 25589 documents. The obtained documents were categorized into eleven groups of complications, comorbidity, management, psychology, nutrition, physical activity, genetics, basic sciences, prevention, education and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Documents were categorized based on publication year, WHO and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) classification, study design and subject area. Results: After screening, 293 documents remained. The trend of publications was increasing and reached peak in 2013. Case-control was the most common method used in the documents. Most of the studies were association study with case-control design while there was no genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genetic risk factors for DM and its complications were the most common topics in the obtained documents followed by DM management. Conclusion: The most of genetic studies in diabetes in Iran are association studies about genetic risk factors of diabetes while GWAS and pharmacogenetic studies are rare or absent. This may indicate low priority of personalized medicine in the field of diabetes in Iran.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9363 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9363/5118

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 Supple 1 2017 03 13 60 67 Saeedeh SAEEDI Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh BANDARIAN Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Popula