Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 1 6 M Bellavia G Tomasello P Damiani F Damiani A Geraci FM Accardo MC Gioviale AI Lo Monte 2015 10 03 The term Diagnosis-related Group (DRG) refers to a classification system used to assess hospital services with the aim of a better management of health care costs and improving performance. The DRG system focuses on the utilization of resources, and is not concerned with the specific type of care provided to the patient. This system highlights any diseconomies and eventual critical aspects of the hospital system. This article, starting from the history of heath care financing in Italy and pointing out the difficulty to define the "quality" of health care services, describes the variables used to evaluate correctly hospital performance based on the DRG system. These include Average Length of Stay, Average Daily Patient Load, Comparative Performance Index, and Case Mix Index. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2539 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2539/2519

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 7 13 K Holakouie Naieni H Malekafzali A Rashidian P Vazirian G Moradi A Mirzazadeh M Mirmohammadkhani A Shamshiri 2015 10 03 Background: Evaluating the malaria status of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) member countries relation to goal 6 of 3rd Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which includes have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria. Methods: By 2009, we reviewed the MDGs reports, extracted the data from surveillance system, published, and unpublished data. The main stakeholders, from both governmental and international organizations in the country have been visited and interviewed by the research team as part of the data validation process. Results: The malaria incidence is very heterogeneous among ECO countries, which differ less than 200 cases in total country in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan to 82,564 cases (2,428/100,000) in Afghanistan and 59,284 cases (881/100,000) in Pakistan and about 18/100,000 in Iran in 2008. Malaria has been a major public health problem in Pakistan and Afghanistan and will continue to pose serious threat to millions of people due to poor environmental and socioeconomic conditions conducive to the spread of disease. The main malaria endemic areas of Iran are in southeastern part of the country; consist of less developed provinces that are bordered in the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are little valid information about proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures indicators. Conclusion: All ECO countries could achieve MDGs malaria indicators by 2015 except Pakistan and Afghanistan, unless preparing urgent intervention programs to fulfill the goals. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2540 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2540/2520

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 14 23 M Davari A Haycox T Walley 2015 10 03 Background: This paper considers a range of issues related to the financing of health care system and relevant government policies in Iran. Methods: This study used mixed methods. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify relevant publications. This was supplemented by hand searching in books and journals, including government publications. The issues and uncertainties identified in the literature were explored in detail through semi-structured interviews with key informants. These were triangulated with empirical evidence in the form of the literature, government statistics and independent expert opinions to validate the views expressed in the interviews. Results: The systematic review of published literature showed that no previous publication has addressed issues relating to the financing of healthcare services in Iran. However, a range of opinion pieces outlined issues to be explored further in the interviews. Such issues summarised into four main categories. Conclusion: The health care market in Iran has faced a period in which financial issues have enhanced managerial complexity. Privatization of health care services would appear to be a step too far in assisting the system to confront its challenges at the current time. The most important step toward solving such challenges is to focus on a feasible, relevant and comprehensive policy, which optimises the use of health care resources in Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2541 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2541/2521

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 24 33 T Sindhu S Rajamanikandan P Srinivasan 2015 10 03 Background: Computational identification of phylogenetic motifs helps to understand the knowledge about known functional features that includes catalytic site, substrate binding epitopes, and protein-protein interfaces. Furthermore, they are strongly conserved among orthologs, indicating their evolutionary importance. The study aimed to analyze five candidate genes involved in type II diabetic nephropathy and to predict phylogenetic motifs from their corresponding orthologous protein sequences. Methods: AKR1B1, APOE, ENPP1, ELMO1 and IGFBP1 are the genes that have been identified as an important target for type II diabetic nephropathy through experimental studies. Their corresponding protein sequences, structures, orthologous sequences were retrieved from UniprotKB, PDB, and PHOG database respectively. Multiple sequence alignments were constructed using ClustalW and phylogenetic motifs were identified using MINER. The occurrence of amino acids in the obtained phylogenetic motifs was generated using WebLogo and false positive expectations were calculated against phylogenetic similarity. Results: In total, 17 phylogenetic motifs were identified from the five proteins and the residues such as glycine, leucine, tryptophan, aspartic acid were found in appreciable frequency whereas arginine identified in all the predicted PMs. The result implies that these residues can be important to the functional and structural role of the proteins and calculated false positive expectations implies that they were generally conserved in traditional sense. Conclusion: The prediction of phylogenetic motifs is an accurate method for detecting functionally important conserved residues. The conserved motifs can be used as a potential drug target for type II diabetic nephropathy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2542 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2542/2522

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 34 39 Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip Ruzianisra Mohamed 2015 10 03 Background: Introduction to sexual education in schools was suggested by the Malaysian government as one of the effort taken in the aim to reduce the sexual-related social problems among Malaysian teenagers nowadays. This study was proposed in the aim to determine the rate of acceptance among adolescents on the implementation of sexual education in schools. Methods: This study was conducted using questionnaires distributed to 152 pre-degree students in Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Obtained data were statistically analyzed. Results: Almost half (49.3%) of the respondents agreed that sexual education might help to overcome the social illness among school teenagers. Besides, a large number (77.6%) of respondents also agreed that this module should be incorporated with other core subjects compare to the feedback received on the implementation of this module on its own (28.9%). Conclusion: These results have provided some insight towards the perception of sexual education among the teenagers. Since most of the respondents agreed with this idea, so it might be a sign that the implementation of sexual education is almost accepted by the adolescents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2543 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2543/2523

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 40 43 P Ariga A Bridgitte V Rangarajan J M Philip 2015 10 03 Background: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of edentulousness, patient's perception on dietary changes resulting from tooth loss and to identify the disparity between actual and patient perceived need to replace missing teeth in an elderly rural population in south India. Methods: A cross sectional study using the systematic cluster sampling method was used to select the study sample of 150 elderly men and women. Data were collected using questionnaires and oral examination. The data were statistically analyzed using chi square test and pearson correlation. Results: 15.6% of the rural elderly were completely edentulous and 54.7% were partially edentulous. Observed differences in distribution between the sampled elderly age groups were found to be statistically significant. Although 70.3% of the evaluated elderly actually required prosthodontic treatment, only 14.4% perceived the need to replace missing teeth. A small percentage of the elderly (18%) perceived a severe change in their diets due to tooth loss. Thirty three percent of them perceived a moderate change and 28% felt that there were no dietary changes because of tooth loss. Conclusions: It is essential to identify feasible strategies to provide primary dental health education and treatment to all rural elderly in the future. We suggest community dental health services as a general health need of the elderly rather than a special health need of the community. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2544 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2544/2524

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 44 52 Gh Mahdavi Z Izadi 2015 10 03 Background: Existence or non-existence of adverse selection in insurance market is one of the important cases that have always been considered by insurers. Adverse selection is one of the consequences of asymmetric information. Theory of adverse selection states that high-risk individuals demand the insurance service more than low risk individuals do. Methods: The presence of adverse selection in Iran's supplementary health insurance market is tested in this paper. The study group consists of 420 practitioner individuals aged 20 to 59. We estimate two logistic regression models in order to determine the effect of individual's characteristics on decision to purchase health insurance coverage and loss occurrence. Using the correlation between claim occurrence and decision to purchase health insurance, the adverse selection problem in Iranian supplementary health insurance market is examined. Results: Individuals with higher level of education and income level purchase less supplementary health insurance and make fewer claims than others make and there is positive correlation between claim occurrence and decision to purchase supplementary health insurance. Conclusion: Our findings prove the evidence of the presence of adverse selection in Iranian supplementary health insurance market. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2545 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2545/2525

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 53 58 GR Karami Kh Ahmadi V Nejati M Masumi 2015 10 03 Background: Assessment of quality of life can promote health services. The purpose of this study was evaluation of health related quality of life in lower limbs amputee veterans of Iran. Methods: In the present cross sectional study, we compared 38 lower limbs amputee veterans with 50 normal healthy subjects with SF36 questioner in face-to-face interview. Results: Amputees had significantly lower grade than normal subject did in role physical (P < 0.01) and were better than normal subjects in vitality (P < 0.001) and mental health (P < 0.01). As a whole, amputees have higher in mental summary component of quality of life (P < 0.05) and lower in physical component of quality of life (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Diminishing the demand and improving social support of amputee veterans might be considered as high grade in mental summary component of their quality of life. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2546 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2546/2526

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 7 2012 07 15 59 63 GA Kardar M Oraei https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14576 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14576/6106

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 9 2018 08 29 1418 1422 Shokrollah SALMANZADEH Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jndishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mahmoud RAHDAR Dept. of Medical Mycoparasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Sharif MARAGHI Health Research Institute, Thalassemia, and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Fatemeh MANIAVI Shafa Hospital, Ahvaz Jndishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2018 08 29 2018 08 29 Myiasis is caused by invasion of larvae stage of dipterans fly in living tissue of vertebrate host including human and animals. The most important family is Calliphoridae and included Calliphora, Lucilia, Chrysomyia and Cochliomyia genus. A 35-yr-old man with gastric cancer history referred to Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz Southwest of Iran in 2015. He was infected by nasal myiasis from Lucilia spp. in ICU. The genus of third larvae stage was identified by microscopic examination and culture of pupa. The population of flies inducing myiasis should be controlled in hospitals.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14599 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14599/6125

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 9 2018 08 29 1425 1428 Joo-Young LEE Dept. of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei, University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Gyeong-Soon HAN Dept. of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea 2018 08 29 2018 08 29 Awareness of Korean Dental Professionals about the Need for Autonomy in Dental Hygiene Practice https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14601 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14601/6127

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 9 2018 08 29 1260 1270 Jie GUO Dept. of Pathogenic Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China AND Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China Mingyue MA Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China Chunling XIAO Dept. of Pathogenic Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China AND Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China Chunqing ZHANG Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China Jianping CHEN Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China Hong LIN Shenyang Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Shenyang, China Yiming DU Shenyang Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Shenyang, China Min LIU Shenyang Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Shenyang, China 2018 08 29 2018 08 29 Background: We aimed to evaluate the risk factors of the daily mortality associated with air pollution causing acute lower respiratory tract infections. Methods: We applied a short time series analysis to the air pollution record, meteorological data and 133 non-accidental death data in Shengyang, China, in 2013-2015. After controlling the seasonality, day of week and weather conditions, the group employed an over-dispersed Possion generalized addictive model to discuss the associations among different variables, then performed the stratified analysis according to age, gender, and season. Results: Mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of < 10 μm (PM10) and < 2.5 μm (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were 122.4, 74.8, 79.4, 47.7, and 86.2 μg/m3, respectively. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in the 8-day moving average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and O3 corresponded to 0.18% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10%, 0.26%), 0.21% (95% CI: 0.11%, 0.31%), 0.16% (95% CI: 0.04%, 0.30%), 0.43% (95% CI: 0.07%, 0.90%), and 0.10% (95% CI: -0.08%, 0.31%) increase in the daily mortality. The effects of air pollution lasted 9 days (lag 0-8), and they were more statistically significant in the elderly than in other age groups. Conclusion: These findings clarified the burden of air pollution on the morbidity of acute lower respiratory tract infections and emphasized the urgency of the control and prevention of air pollution and respiratory diseases in China.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14578 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14578/6107

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 9 2018 08 29 1429 1430 Siavash HAMZEH POUR Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam NAJAFI Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Nima DANAEI KOIK Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 08 29 2018 08 29 Emergency Department Response in Dealing with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Patients https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14602 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14602/6128

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 9 2018 08 29 1271 1279 Zeng ZHUANPING School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China Liao RIFANG Dept. of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China Chen QING Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China Chen SIDONG School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China 2018 08 29 2018 08 29 Background: To examine whether polymorphisms of SIRT1 and dietary product intake can be implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In this community-based, case-control study, 568 subjects (284 patients and 284 controls) were enrolled in a community located in northern Guangzhou, China. The four polymorphisms of SIRT1 (rs4746720, rs10509291, rs2236319, rs10823116) were examined using TaqMan nuclease technology. The dietary data were collected by an inquiring officer through face-to-face method. Results: The rs4746720 CC+TT genotype had higher risk compared with CT genotype to develop T2DM [odds ratio (OR) =1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.97]. The subjects with rs4746720 CC+TT genotype and eat sugar food over 30g per day increased the risk of T2DM to 2.22(1.21-4.06) times. The subjects with rs4746720 CC+TT genotype and smoking increased the risk of T2DM to 1.65 (1.10-2.47) times. The unhealthy eating habits such as red meat, salty food, use animal fat yielded higher risks of T2DM, the OR of risk of T2DM was 2.89 (1.38-6.01), 2.73 (1.61-4.64) and 27.91(9.24-84.32) respectively. However, the milk, soy, white meat, vegetables and low-salt diet decreased the risk of T2DM, the OR of risk of T2DM was 0.51 (0.29-0.88), 0.43 (0.26-0.74), 0.51(0.32-0.83), 0.21(0.10-0.44), 0.28(0.12-0.65), 0.35(0.21-0.51) respectively. Conclusion: Variants in SIRT1 with rs4746720 CC+TT genotype increased the risk of T2DM, especially with the unhealthy eating habits.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14579 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14579/6108

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 9 2018 08 29 1431 1432 Davoud SHOJAEEZADEH Dept. of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hashem HESHMATI Dept. of Public Health, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran 2018 08 29 2018 08 29 Integration of Health Education and Promotion Models for Designing Health Education Course for Promotion of Student's Capabilities in Related to Health Education https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14603 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14603/6129

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 9 2018 08 29 1280 1290 Muhammad Haris MAZHER Institute of Geographic Information Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Javed IQBAL Institute of Geographic Information Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Ahsan MAHBOOB Institute of Geographic Information Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Iqra ATIF Institute of Geographic Information Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2018 08 29 <