Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 1 9 N Parsa 2015 10 03 Background: An explosion of research has been done in discovering how human health is affected by environmental factors. I will discuss the impacts of environmental cancer causing factors and how they continue to cause multiple disruptions in cellular networking. Some risk factors may not cause cancer. Other factors initiate consecutive genetic mutations that would eventually alter the normal pathway of cellular proliferations and differentiation. Genetic mutations in four groups of genes; (Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes, Apoptosis genes and DNA repairing genes) play a vital role in altering the normal cell division. In recent years, molecular genetics have greatly increased our understanding of the basic mechanisms in cancer development and utilizing these molecular techniques for cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis and therapies. Inhibition of carcinogenic exposures wherever possible should be the goal of cancer prevention programs to reduce exposures from all environmental carcinogens. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2480 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2480/2460

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 10 18 Yueming Chen Daojun Yu Chunning Qiu Guoqian Xiang Weijian Dai Shenghai Wu Xianjun Wang 2015 10 03 Background: To glean insights into the relationship among hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype/subgenotypes, A1762T/G1764A mutations and advanced liver disease such as liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Southeast China. Methods: A case-control study was performed, consisting of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients (n=160), LC patients (n=150), and HCC patients (n=156). Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) was used to detect A1762T/G1764A mutations. HBV genotypes/subgenotypes were determined by multiplex PCR. All patients' clinical data was systematically collected from the hospital records. Results: Our study revealed HBV genotypes C (63.95%) and B (33.69%) were predominant in chronically infected patients, subgenotype B2, C2 and C1 were the major subgenotypes. Both subgenotype C2 infection and A1762T/G1764A mutations were associated with LC and HCC with cirrhosis, subgenotype C2 (OR=2.033, 95%CI=1.246-3.323, P=0.003 for LC vs CHB; OR=3.247, 95%CI=1.742-6.096, P=0.001 for HCC with cirrhosis vs CHB; respectively ), and A1762T/G1764A mutations (OR=1.914, 95%CI=1.188-3.085, P=0.005 for LC vs CHB; OR=2.996, 95%CI=1.683-5.353, P=0.002 for HCC with cirrhosis vs CHB; respectively), but no differences in the frequencies of both variants between LC and HCC with cirrhosis groups were found. Conclusions: HBV subgenotype C2 infection and A1762T/G1764A mutations are both risk factors of LC and HCC with cirrhosis development in the patients with CHB in Southeast China, but all no helpful for predicting HCC development in LC patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2481 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2481/2461

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 19 26 K Peltzer G Mchunu B Tutshana P Naidoo G Matseke J Louw 2015 10 03 Background: The acceptance of HIV testing among patients with tuberculosis (TB) is low in South Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, associated factors and reasons of non-uptake of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing by tuberculosis public primary care patients in three districts, South Africa. Methods:  In May-October 2011, this cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 4726 TB patients across 42 primary health care facilities in three districts in South Africa. All new TB and new retreatment patients (N=4726) were consecutively interviewed within one month of anti-tuberculosis treatment. The outcome was self-reported HIV testing after TB diagnosis, validated using clinic registers. Results: Almost one in ten (9.6%) of the 4726 participants had not undergone HIV testing, with the most often offered explanation being that they were not knowing where to get tested (21.3%), followed by believing not to have or at risk for HIV (24.3%), emotional concerns (not ready for test: 13.2%; afraid to get to know: 12.1%; concerns over confidentiality: 6.3%) and concerns about stigma (3.3%) and losing the job (2.0%). In multivariable analysis being male, severe psychological distress, having sex with someone HIV negative or unknown and frequency of sex without a condom were associated with not having been tested for HIV. Conclusions: The level of HIV testing among TB public primary care patients was suboptimal, as per policy all patients should be tested. The South African Department of Health should continue to scale-up HIV testing and other collaborative TB-HIV services at health facilities. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2482 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2482/2462

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 27 33 Neetu Jain Meenakshi Sharma 2015 10 03 Background: Soil is well known to support the transient or ongoing existence of keratinophilic fungi and potential source of infection for human and animals. Methods: Samples were collected from 67 sites of university campus like PG study centers, playgrounds, gardens, hostels, administrative blocks, library, bank, canteen and road side for the estimation of keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting technique. Results: Totally, 192 isolates belonging to 14 genera and 21 species were reported. Soil pH range varies from 6.5 to 9.0 pH. Most of the fungi isolated from neutral to slightly alkaline soil. Chrysosporium tropicum (20.83%) was the most predominant fungi reported from all sites. Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15.10%) was the second most commonly reported fungi. Chrysosporium indicum (11.45%), T. simii (9.37%), C.evolceanui (8.83%) T. terrestre (4.68%) and Cephaliophora irregularies (4.68%) were frequently reported.  Microsporum audouinii, Paceliomyces sp., Cladosporium sp. and Sporothrix schenckii were isolated for the first time from Jaipur. Conclusion: Road sides were found most suitable for the occurrence of all most all keratinophilic fungi. Higher incidence of keratinophilic fungi was found in hostel sides followed by road sides, PG study centers and play grounds. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2483 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2483/2463

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 34 43 Biyan Wang Jinliang Xie Pengqian Fang 2015 10 03 Background: In order to provide guidance on the efficient allocation of health resources when handling public health emergencies in the future, the study evaluated the H1N1 influenza prevention and control program in Hubei Province of China using cost-benefit analysis. Methods: The costs measured the resources consumed and other expenses incurred in the prevention and control of H1N1. The assumed benefits include resource consumption and economic losses which could be avoided by the measures for the prevention and control of H1N1. The benefit was evaluated by counterfactual thinking, which estimates the resource consumption and economic losses could be happened without any measures for the prevention and control, which have been avoided after measures were taken to prevent and control H1N1 in Hubei Province, these constitutes the benefit of this project. Results: The total costs of this program were 38.81 million U.S. dollars, while the total benefit was assessed as 203.71 million U.S. dollars. The net benefit was 164.9 million U.S. dollars with a cost-effectiveness ratio of 1:5.25. Conclusions: The joint prevention and control strategy introduced by Hubei for H1N1 influenza is cost-effective. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2484 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2484/2464

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 44 53 BC Demirbağ B Erci 2015 10 03 Background: Many alternative interventions are practiced in an effort to reduce symptoms of fibromiyalgia. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sleep and touch therapy accompanied by music and aromatherapy on the symptoms of fibromyalgia and depression. Methods: The study was carried out between September 2009 and March 2011 in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Polyclinic in Trabzon, Turkey. The sample consisted of 162 female patients and had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia at least 6 months prior to the study. Since the sample contains two intervention groups and one control group, each group was assigned 54 patients. Data were collected through a Personal Information Form, a Fibromyalgia Symptom Form and the Beck Depression Index. The study employed a pre-test/post-test control group design. A paired sample t-test was used in the comparisons of the in-group scale points; the chi-square in the intergroup comparisons, and the McNamer test in the in-group comparisons. Results: After the interventions, it was observed that the depression levels in the touch-music-aroma therapy group showed a larger decrease (before: 22.01±5.3; after: 14.52±3.7) than in the sleep-music-aroma therapy group (before: 24.81±5.1; after: 20.16±4.9) and control groups (before: 23.73±4.4; after: 21.05±2.6). Symptoms such as restless sleep, headache, morning fatigue, exhaustion, feeling like crying and bowel complaints were also significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested that nurses providing healthcare to FMS patients should also offer these patients aromatherapy, sleep, music and touch therapies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2485 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2485/2465

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 54 58 J Poorolajal P Cheraghi A Doosti Irani Z Cheraghi M Mirfakhraei 2015 10 03 Background: This study was conducted to develop a questionnaire in order to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the faculty members and students toward plagiarism. Methods: A KAP study was conducted from June to October 2011 enrolling 390 volunteers anonymously (response rate 96%). The questionnaire included the following four parts: (a) general characteristics like gender, academic degree and education level; (b) nine questions regarding knowledge (Min=0, Max=9); (c) nine questions regarding attitude (Min=9, Max=27); and (d) eight questions regarding practice (Min=0, Max=8). A pilot study was conducted to assess reliability of the questions regarding knowledge and attitude. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the knowledge and attitude questions was 0.70 and 0.74 respectively. Results: The overall prevalence of at least once plagiarism commission was 38% (SD=0.035). The overall mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice was 5.94 (SD=1.66), 24.12 (SD=2.99), and 0.66 (SD=1.15) respectively. Knowledge of plagiarism was significantly higher among higher academic degrees and females. Their negative attitude toward plagiarism was stronger too. No statistically significant difference regarding plagiarism commission was observed among different academic degrees in both sexes. According to linear regression analysis, plagiarism commission decreased 13% per one unit increase in score of knowledge (P=0.005) and 16% per one unit increase in score of attitude (P<0.001). Conclusions: This knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire was developed as a standard tool in order to assess perception of subjects toward plagiarism and to estimate the prevalence and the type of plagiarism commission. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2486 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2486/2466

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 11 2012 11 15 59 66 R Rahmani Z Khakbazan P Yavari M Granmayeh L Yavari 2015 10 03 Background: Lack of information regarding biochemical changes in women during labor and its outcomes on maternal and neonatal health still is an unanswered question. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of oral carbohydrate intake during labor on the duration of the active phase and other maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods: A parallel prospective randomized controlled trial, conducted at the University Affiliated Teaching Hospital in Gonabad. Totally, 190 women were randomly assigned to an intervention (N=87) or control (N=90) group. Inclusion criteria were low-risk women with singleton cephalic presentation; and cervical dilatation 3-4 cm. Randomization was used by random number generator on every day. Odd numbers was used for intervention and even numbers for control group. Intervention was based on the preferences between: 3 medium dates plus 110 ml water; 3 dates plus 110 ml light tea without sugar; or 110 ml orange juice. The protocol is only run once but women ate and drank gradually before second stage of labor. Control group were fasted as routine practice. Neither participants nor care givers or staff could be blinded to group allocation. Differences between duration of the active phase of labor were assessed as primary outcome measure. Results: There was significant difference in the length of second stage of labor (P <.05). The effect size for this variable was 0.48. There were no significant differences in other maternal and neonatal outcomes.  Conclusions: Oral intake of carbohydrate was an effective method for shortening the duration of second stage of labor in low-risk women.  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2487 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2487/2467 Noureddine ELKHOUDRI Laboratory of Human Ecology, Dept. of Biology, School of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech. Morocco AND Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences University Hassan First, Settat, Morocco Mohamed CHERKAOUI Laboratory of Human Ecology, Dept. of Biology, School of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech. Morocco 2018 12 05 Background: Inability to conceive is a major problem during reproductive age. This study aimed to describe medical characteristics and different approaches to get better the management of infertility among women referring to some public and private health centers in Morocco. Methods: Overall, 619 infertile women referring to public and private health centers in Marrakech-Safi region were selected by simple random sampling method, between 1 Oct 2013 and 31 Dec 2015. The socio-economic data, demographic characteristics, medical and obstetric variables and types of infertility treatments were simultaneously collected by questionnaire and health record data. The univariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine different infertility treatments. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: The rate of primary and secondary infertility was 67.37%, and 32.63%, respectively. In comparison to secondary infertility, primary infertile women with high socio-economic level and low average age have used many fertility drugs and assisted reproductive technologies (Clomifene citrate (45.01 vs. 29.20%), injectable gonadotropins (09.35 vs. 3.96%), dydrogesterone (35.08 vs. 23.26%), intrauterine insemination (3.83 vs. 0.49%), and in-vitro fertilisation (3.11 vs. 1.48%)). Conclusion: The use of infertility’s treatment is limited in Morocco. Outside of medical coverage, the infertility management requires permanent efforts, financial supports, psychological assistance and serious dialogue between all the stakeholders.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15509 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15509/6223

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 12 2018 12 01 1805 1815 Mitra KOLIVAND Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran AND Dept. of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Mehr Ali RAHIMI Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Mohammad SHARIATI Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afsaneh KERAMAT Reproductive Studies and Women’s Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Mohammad Hassan EMAMIAN Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran 2018 12 05 Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of self-care educational/training interventions on gestational diabetes. Methods: In this review, we searched the ERIC, Clinical Key, Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI databases as well as Iranian databases from 1990 until Jan 2017. Having evaluated 3267 articles by three of the authors, 20 clinical trials with educational/training approach remained for analysis. In this study, CONSORT checklist, JADAD scale and Cochrane handbook were used to evaluate the validity of articles. Results: The quality of 34% of articles was found to be poor due to probability of bias in designing the interventions and the effect of absence of blinding of personnel and participants. However, absence of blinding had a low impact on the results of most studies carried out on objective scales like blood glucose levels, or maternal and neonatal results. Moreover, 66% of studies were assessed to be at a good level of quality. Conclusion: There are few articles with educational/training approach on self-care in gestational diabetes mellitus, but based on the homogeneity of participants and significant results of self-care interventions, especially lifestyle ones, self-care guidelines can be developed for gestational diabetes mellitus.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15505 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15505/6220

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 12 2018 12 01 1963 1964 Vesna OBRADOVIC Dept. of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Ivan SREJOVIC Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Vladimir ZIVKOVIC Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Tamara NIKOLIC Dept. Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Jovana JEREMIC Dept. Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Dragan DJURIC Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Vladimir JAKOVLJEVIC Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia AND Dept. of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia 2018 12 05 Markers of Oxidative Stress in Adolescents with Skeletal Class II Division 1 Malocclusion https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15530 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15530/6242

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 12 2018 12 01 1838 1844 Gaoxia DONG Dept. of Obstetrics, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng 252600, China Ying TIAN Dept. of Obstetrics, Zhangqiu Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250000, China Xinqin LI Dept. of Obstetrics, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining 272011, China 2018 12 05 Background: We aimed to investigate the participation of adiponectin in preeclampsia, and to explore the possible mechanism. Methods: A total of 52 patients with preeclampsia and 30 normal women with full-term pregnancy were enrolled. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the localization of MAPK and STAT5. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of adiponectin mRNA in placental tissue of patients with preeclampsia and normal pregnant women. Western blot was used to detect the expression of adiponectin protein, MAPK, p-MAPK, STAT5 and p-STAT5 in placental tissue of patients with preeclampsia and normal pregnant women. Results: p-p38 was highly expressed in placental trophoblasts of patients with preeclampsia, while p-STAT5 was less expressed. Expression level of p-p38 and p-STAT5 in patients with preeclampsia were significantly different from those in normal pregnant women (P<0.01). Expression level of adiponectin mRNA was significantly lower in patients with preeclampsia than in normal pregnant women (P<0.05). Level of p-p38 expression was negatively correlated with levels of adiponectin expression (r=-0.413, P<0.05). Expression level of p-STAT5 was positively correlated with expression level of adiponectin (r=0.526, P<0.01). Conclusion: Adiponectin participates in preeclampsia by regulating the biological function of placental trophoblasts through p38 MAPK-STAT5 pathway.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15510 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15510/6224

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 12 2018 12 01 1965 1966 Tae-Jun CHON School of Sports, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea Dong Jun SUNG Division of Sport and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea Jae-Youn JEON Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea Jung-Taek SHIN Dept. of Physical Education, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea 2018 12 05 Enhancing Psychological and Physical Fitness Factors of Korea Middle School Students by Introducing Rope Skipping https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15531 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15531/6243

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 12 2018 12 01 1845 1853 Alima ALMADIYEVA Dept. of Public Health, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan Serik IBRAYEV Dept. of Public Health, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan Assiya TURGAMBAYEVA Dept. of Public Health, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan Alexandr KOSTYUK National Center for Medicines, Medical Devices and Medical Equipment Expertise, Astana, Kazakhstan Zayituna KHISMETOVA Dept. of Public Health, Semey State Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Zhanar AKHMETOVA Dept. of Public Health, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan 2018 12 05 Background: The triple therapy including peginterferon, ribavirin and protease inhibitors was more effective compared to the combination of only peginterferon and ribavirin. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of triple treatment in either treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients in Kazakhstan. Methods: A Markov model was created to assess long-term clinical advantages and the cost-effectiveness of the triple therapy from Kazakhstan payer perspective. Health state transition probabilities, pharmaceutical and other costs (according to the price in 2015), and utility rate were acquired from the published studies and publicly available sources. All used costs and benefits were discounted at 5% per year. Results: Despite treatment background, the patients, receiving boceprevir and telaprevir, were estimated to experience less serious liver-disease complications, more life-years, and more QALYs compared to the patients having standard of care. For treatment-experienced group, boceprevir and telaprevir were dominant, with more QALYs. For all the groups of patients, incremental costs per QALY gained were between USD14995 and USD18075. The total average cost of boceprevir is slightly more costly than a standard duration of treatment with telaprevir, and so is the average cost per SVR. Extensive sensitivity analyses verified robust model results. Conclusion: The inclusion of protease inhibitors to standard management for the therapy of patients with genotype 1 chronic HCV infection in Kazakhstan is predicted to be cost-effective using a typically applied willingness to pay threshold of USD37805 (3 times GDP per capita).     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15511 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15511/6226

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 12 2018 12 01 1967 1968 Ali Reza MAHDAVI HAZAVEH Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein PANAHI Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran and Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran