Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 1 7  T Mokhtari-Azad F Rezaie-Khollari AR Nadji V Salimi Z Noroozbabaie M Naseri AR Mirzaie Z Saadatmand   MM Gouya AR Esteghamati   R Hamkar 2015 10 03 Background: Influenza A viruses bearing all known HA and NA subtypes have been isolated from avian hosts: but only the A/H1N1,A/H2N2 and A/H3N2 influenza subtypes have been associated with widespread epidemics in humans un­til now .While influenza B detected only in humans. Subtype H5 infection in humans occurred for the first time dur­ing 1997-1998 in Hong Kong, then China in 2003, Vietnam and Thailand in 2004 and continued to 2005-2006 in Tur­key and Egypt. In this study a Multiplex Nested RT-PCR was developed for simultaneous detection of influenza virus A and B in clinical samples. Methods: Throat swab and throat wash was collected between October 2005 and September 2006 from 689 patients with a suspected influenza virus infection. Samples were transported to the National Influenza Center (Tehran Univer­sity of Medical Science, School of Public Health). Each sample is divided into two parts in order to virus isolation and nested RT-PCR. Results: The RT-PCR detected in 75 cases of influenza A and B, compared to 26 cases by virus isolation and 74 cases are positive by RT-PCR. In total, 50 out of 74 RT-PCR positive specimens were negative by virus isolation. The RT-PCR provides a sensitive and specific method for detecting and typing influenza viruses A and B. Conclusion: The RT-PCR provides a sensitive and specific method for detecting and typing influenza viruses A and B. Multi­plex RT-PCR can also be used to accurately detect more than one viral template in the same reaction mixture, allow­ing viral confections to be identified with the same respiratory specimen. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2098 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2098/2079

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 8 15 MR Khorramizadeh MM Soltan-Dallal F Safavifar F Saadat S Rezaie S Hashemi M Taremi S Ar­dalan MR Zali 2015 10 03 Background: To assess the utility of the chromosomal ail virulence gene sequence for detection of pathogenic Yersinia en­terocolitica in raw meet food products (beef, lamb, and chicken). Methods: This study included 39 Yersinia enterocolitica positive cultures from suspicious food samples, in a working pe­riod of six months. These samples were referred to the "Food-Borne Diseases and Chronic Diarrhea Lab at Research Cen­tre for Gastric and Liver Diseases" of the Taleghani Hospital at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Te­hran, Iran. Isolates from 8 cultured Y. intermedia, Y. aldovi, Y. intermedia type O:45, Y. kristensenii, Y. enterocolitica type O:12/26, Y. enterocolitica type1/7/8, Y. frederiksenii type O:39, and Y. enterocolitica type O:8 samples were in­cluded in the study. Four non-Yersinia species Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexeneri, and Proteus mirabi­lis were used for specificity testing. An established Yersinia type O:9 was used as positive control and for sensitiv­ity testing. An in-house real-time PCR assay was designed in order to rapidly and specifically identifies the pres­ence of specific Yersinia species. Results: Out of 39 tested Y. enterocolitica samples, 6(2.3%) showed positive results for the ail gene PCR prod­uct, typed as O:8, and O:9, respectively. PCR products were sent for sequencing. Two sequences were registered with the Na­tional Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI Genbank) as polymorphic ail gene sequences under the acces­sion numbers of DQ157767 and DQ003329. Conclusions: Collectively, this test is well adapted for definite confirmation of pathogenic Y. en­terocolitica in food sam­ples. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2099 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2099/2080

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 16 20 MR Nilforoushan H Mirhendi S Rezaie M Rezaian AR Meamar EB Kia 2015 10 03 Background: Strongyloides stercoralis, the etiological agent of strongyloidiasis, is one of the most common parasitic nema­tode with the unique ability to complete its life cycle and proliferate within the host. Although it is an endemic parasite in Iran, no molecular characterization is available on isolates originated from the country. Therefore, this study was con­ducted for molecular identification of human Strongyloides isolates in the three most prevalent provinces. Methods: After microscopical examination and agar plate culture of nearly 1500 stool samples, 20 isolates of S. stercoralis filari­form larvae were recovered from (Gilan and Mazandaran in north and Khouzestan in south) of Iran. The genomic DNA was extracted from all these samples and two primer sets were selected for amplification. ITS1 region of the rDNA gene was amplified by a nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested-PCR). The PCR prod­ucts were sequenced and analyzed in compari­son with the sequences deposited in GenBank. Results: DNA sequence analysis of ITS1 region showed that all the 20 isolates were S. stercoralis. There was slight varia­tion in the ITS1 region among the isolates. Conclusion: ITS1 sequencing seems to be a valid target for molecular identification of S. stercoralis. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2100 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2100/2081

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 21 26 Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR Shirani-Bidabadi L Hanafi-Bojd AA Akhavan AA Zeraati H 2015 10 03 Background: Laboratory bred sand flies are essential for the study of different biological phenomena including the transmis­sion dynamics of Leishmania. The aim of the study was to determine the suitable situation for colonization and main­tenance of Iranian strain of Phlebotomus papatasi at laboratory conditions from an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmani­asis due to Leishmania major. Methods: One hundred and thirty P. papatasi were collected by CDC miniature light traps and aspirator from indoors in Badrood, central Iran. The fly was maintained by the procedures of Modi & Tesh (1983) with minor modifications for 7 generations. Results: Minimum and maximum rate of productivity was calculated to be 8.5 and 56.1 in F7 and F3, respectively and signifi­cant difference was observed among productivity of some generations (P< 0.001). The sex ratio ranged between 70(F1) and 101.8(F6). The mean duration of egg to adult emergence varied between 47.21±4.46 and 52.6±7.85 days. The life cycle was completed in 34.4 to 60 days at 26±1 ºC. Conclusion: P. papatasi was colonized and maintained successfully for the first time as a laboratory strain. Using larval diet without liver powder is recommended. The blood of white hamster was preferred to golden hamster and guinea pig for the sand fly vector blood feeding at the insectary. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2101 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2101/2082

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 27 32 N Kalantari M Taherikalani N Parvaneh S Mamishi 2015 10 03 Background: To assess the distribution and resistance of the pathogens responsible for septic arthritis and osteomyelitis over a 10 years period in children admitted to Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Methods: Microbiologic and clinical presentation reports from 145 cases of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis from March 1995 to February 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Of 145 cases, 71(49%) had positive culture: 71.8%(51/71) of organisms were isolated from synovial fluid alone, 8.4%(6/71) from blood culture alone and 19.7% (14/71) from both synovial fluids and blood cultures. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen isolated, making up 60.5% of all positive cultures, followed by Klebsiella spp. (14%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (8.4%). Thirty eight percent of S. aureus and 84% of coagulase-negative staphylo­cocci isolates were resistant to cloxacillin. All isolates of S. aureus were susceptible to clindamycin and also, 89% were susceptible to vancomycin. Among Klebsiella spp., amikacin was shown to be very effective, with susceptibility rates of 100%. Haemophilus influenzae was identified in only 2% of all patients. Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of characterizing the etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of organ­isms causing septic arthritis or osteomylitis in children. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2102 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2102/2083

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 33 37 A Athari L Soghandi A Haghighi B Kazemi 2015 10 03 Background: Trichomonas tenax, a commensal flagellated protozoan, inhabits in human oral cavity. This parasite is cos-mopoli­tan and frequently found in patients with poor oral hygiene and advanced periodontal disease. There is only one pub­lished study that rebound the prevalence of this parasite in Iran. This PCR based study compared the prevalence of oral tricho­moni­asis in patients with oral diseases and a healthy control group. Methods: From May 2005 to April 2006, the subgingival dental plaques of 160 patients with gingivitis or periodontitis and 160 controls who attended to Dental School of Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Iran were taken and examined by wet mount smear, and Giemsa staining. Likewise, a PCR protocol was developed for specific detection of T.tenax using a pair of prim­ers designed for its 18S rRNA gene. Results: Thirty three (20.6%) of patients were PCR positive while 28 (15.5%) were diagnosed using wet preparation and Giemsa staining. In the other hand, 2 (1.9%) of control group were identified positive by PCR procedure.  The prevalence of oral trichomoniasis in our study (20.6%) was compatible with many other published reports which mostly has ranged from 12%-32%.   Conclusion: The study revealed dependence between the frequency of occurrence of T. tenax and the state of periodontitis. The present PCR procedure could provide a simple and rapid detection method of T. tenax in dental plague. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2103 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2103/2084

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 38 44 R Vazirinejad A Esmaeili A Sarsangi M Kazemi JM Lilley 2015 10 03 Background: To describe the risk and the patterns of injuries taken place inside the primary schools among pupils in an Ira­nian community. Methods: A total population of 11,543 pupils were followed and all injuries were recorded. Information about age, gen­der, deprivation, time, day and month of injuries, cause and the outcome of injuries were collected using a checklist. Results: One hundred and twenty five cases were reported giving an overall one-year incidence rate of 10.8 per 1000 per­son-years-at-risk. Overall incidence rate of injuries among boys was significantly greater than this incidence rate among girls (Relative Risk =1.6, 95% CI= 1.1 - 2.2). The greatest incidence rate was reported among year five pupils in both genders (18.6 per 1000 boys and 13.2 per 1000 girls). "Fall" was the most common cause of injuries followed by "hit by objects". Majority of injuries were "cured without rest" and only seven pupils were admitted in hospital. Conclusion: The level of risk calculated in this survey could be used in programs aiming to prevent injuries in primary schools and a nationwide surveillance system in the country is recommended.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2104 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2104/2085

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 36 3 2007 09 15 58 62 R Moniri Z Mosayebi AH Movahedian 2015 10 03 The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has complicated treatment decision and may lead to treatment failures. In this study, we describe the trends of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated in blood cultures from patients detected in a tertiary teaching hospital and evaluated the prevalence of resistance to amikacin, ampicillin, carbeni- cillin, cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, imipenem, and trimethoprim/ sulfameth- oxazole in sixty-nine strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from neonates with septicemia in Kashan, Iran, from April, 2000 to June 2004. In assessment of the current breadth of multi-drug resistance in P. aeruginosa isolated from neonates with septicemia, 4.3% were susceptible to all studied agents, 10.1% were resistant to a single agent. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates accounted for 73.9% of isolates. The majority of MDR isolates (41.2%) were resistant to three antimicrobial agents, which accounted for 30.4% of all isolates. Nineteen MDR isolates from fifty-one (37.3%) were resistant to four agents (19 out of 69; 27.5% of all isolates) and 21.6% to five agents (15.9% of all isolates). Statistical analysis confirmed that there were no significant differences between multi-drug resistance phenotypes of isolates with age, gender, gestational age, outcome of septicemia, and application of respirator in neonates. Continued local surveillance studies are urged to monitor emerging antimicrobial resistance and to guide interventions to minimize its occurrence. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2192 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2192/2173

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 35 1 2006 03 15 63 67 H Nasirian H Ladonni M Shayeghi H Vatandoost MR Yaghoobi-Ershadi Y Rassi M Abolhassani MR Abaei 2015 10 03 Control of insect pests of agriculture, economic, and medical importance usually focuses on the use of insecticides. The susceptibility levels of eleven strains of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), were compared with a standard susceptible strain against permethrin and fipronil. The strains were collected from nine infested students’ dormitories and two infested hospitals in Tehran, capital of Iran. The susceptible strain showed LD50 of 0.43 µg and 0.96 ng for permethrin and fipronil respectively. Comparison of the resistance ratio of collected strain with susceptible strain showed resistance ratios of 8.6 to 17.7-folds for permethrin and 1.5 to 2.6-folds for fipronil, respectively. The result of this investigation indicated that the all strains were resistant to permethrin. Resistance spectrum of fipronil to permethrin showed different pattern of susceptibility to fipronil, indicating that there was no relationship between resistance to permethrin and fipronil. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2193 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2193/2174

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 35 1 2006 03 15 68 74 SA Moussavi Najarkola 2015 10 03 The high occurrence of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (UEMSDS) in Iranian ironwork industries indicates a need to assess the risk factors of the disorders at such workplaces. In order to prevent such disorders, the Occupational Repetitive Actions (OCRA) carried out to obtain an integrated assessment of the various risk factors, classify different jobs and suggest ergonomic designing solutions. Four data gathering methods including Observational, Interview, Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), and OCRA were utilized. All 385 male workers occupying in five various jabs (72 tasks) in Qaemshahre ironwork industry located in the north of Iran were studied. The percent of work tasks lain in low, moderate, and high-risk level were 6.14%, 69.27%, and 24.59%, respectively. Mean of exposure indices between five jobs including administrative (0.69), lathing (2.87), welding (3.43), melting (3.58) and foundry (5.96) jobs showed significant difference (F= 4.881, P= 0.003). In addition, the foundry job had the highest risk of occurrence of UEMSDS. The highest incidence of distal upper extremity was allocated to the hand and fingers region. There was a significant relationship between surveyed work groups and incidences of upper extremities (χ2= 6.425, P= 0.008). The OCRA Method could be a useful method for evaluating risk factors of UEMSDS in repetitive tasks of the ironwork industry. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2194 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2194/2175

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 35 1 2006 03 15 75 81 M Arbabi H Hooshyar 2015 10 03 Hydatidosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases that cause considerable economic losses and public health problems worldwide. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of E. granulosus in domestic and wild carnivores and the infection rate of hydatid cyst in slaughtered animals and people in Kashan area, central Iran. A total of 142 carnivores including 70 stray dogs, 40 jackals, 22 red foxes, and 10 wolves were examined for the presence of E. granulosus, as well as, 170510 slaughtered sheep, 162665 goats and 13059 cattle for hydatid cyst infection. In addition, 500 inhabitants in rural areas were examined for antibodies to hydatid cyst. Results indicated that 43.7% of carnivores were infected with E. granulosus. Infection rate in slaughtered animals was 2.7%. Overall, the seroprevalence rate in human cases was 2.4%. Eighty-five patients including 47 females and 38 males were hospitalized. The mean annual incidence rate of hydatidosis in human was three cases per 100 000 populations. In general, the situation of the hydatidosis in the livestock and human and echinococcosis in the carnivores of the Kashan is similar to the other zones in Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2195 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2195/2176

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 35 1 2006 03 15 82 87 F Haghighati F Mofidi 2015 10 03 In today’s world, due to incensement of communication and different social relationship between people, oral health and aesthetic are considered more important than the past. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and behaviour of Gonbadkavoos, northern Iran high school female students regarding their oral hygiene and health status. In this descriptive study cluster, sampling technique was used to select 300 samples. The level of knowledge of each individual was assessed according to their information on the causes of caries, the preventive effect of fluoride supplement and so on. In terms of their oral health behaviour, tooth brushing frequency, use of dental floss and regular dentist visit were recorded. Results revealed that 80% of the students were aware of the fluoride preventive action and 18% of them replied, "I don’t know", to this question. Parents were identified as their main source of oral health information by 68.3% of them and 12.6% identified the microbial activity as the main cause of dental caries. 44.3% of students expressed lack of time as the main reason for irregular dentist visit and 70% of them stated, only upon dental problems, referred to the dentist. Sixty two percent of the students brushed their teeth regularly. It is recommended to do similar researches on the level of knowledge and behaviour, about dental and oral health in other populations. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2196 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2196/2177

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 35 1 2006 03 15 88 91 M Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori M Montazer Zohour L Hoghooghi Rad H Pour-Jafari DD Farhud M Dolati K Safa Chaleshtori R Sasanfar A Hosseinipour L Andonian A Tolouei M Ghadami MA Patton 2015 10 03 Despite the enormous heterogeneity of genetic hearing loss, mutations in the GJB2 (connexin 26) gene located on “DFNB1” locus (13q12) account for up to 50% of cases of autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) in some populations. This study describes the analysis of 100 autosomal recessive and sporadic nonsyndromic hearing loss individuals from 79 families each having at least one deaf child in Chehar Mahal va