Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 1 7 AA Haghdoost A Mirzazadeh S Alikhani 2015 10 03 Background: Iran, a low- to middle-income country, has experienced considerable socioeconomic changes in 20th century, which their impacts on the adult heights has not been assessed deeply by now. This article aims to quantify the temporal varia­tions of height (with respect to shrinkage of height due to aging) and its deterministic factors in Iranian population born be­tween 1940 and 1984. Methods: We analyzed the data of a large-scale national population- based survey that recruited 89,532 healthy subjects aged from 15 to 64 in 2005. Having used the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging formulae, the shrinkage of height due to aging was adjusted. We modeled the estimated maximum height using multivariate regression analysis based on year of birth, sex, residing area and literacy. Moreover, we generated series of country maps showing the average of height classi­fied by decades and provinces. Results: On average, the height of Iranian population has increased around 1.28 cm per decade (1.17cm in females; 1.53cm in males). The most prominent jumps of male and female heights are observed in 1970s. However, the jump of height in women has occurred around 3.5-10 years later than in men. Conclusion: We found a very sharp and clear increasing trend in height among those who were born between 1940 and 1984. Our findings support the fact that the socio-economical variations have had considerable impact on the maximum height of people; this can prove the population height measure as a good historical determinant for socio-economical de­velop­ment trend. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2066 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2066/2047

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 8 19 M Mohebbi K Nourijelyani M Mahmoudi K Mohammad H Zeraati A Fotouhi B Moghadaszadeh 2015 10 03 Background: Previous studies indicate a high incidence of digestive cancers along southern parts of Caspian Sea including Ma­zandaran Province. The present study was conducted to further investigate time to occurrence, age distribution and pos­sible risks associated with the incidence time of digestive cancers in the above regions. Methods: For this purpose the data of digestive cancer incidence of 3723 cases during a five-year period of 2001 to 2005 col­lected from Babol Cancer Registry Center in Iran. Almost all cancer cases residence of Mazandaran Province is included in this study and so the results could be considered a population-based conclusion. In order to modify the mortality due to other causes before digestive cancers, and to adjust the effect of digestive cancers correlations, a competing risks model was used. The Cox regression model was used for study of risk factors on cancer incidence. Results: Although incidence of colorectal cancer was relatively low, however, unfortunately the age of onset was at the age cate­gory of 15-19, much sooner than occurrence of stomach cancer which was at 20-24 yr (P< 0.0001), and esophageal can­cer at age category of 30-34 yr (P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Life tables of all digestive cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach and colorectal cancers were presented in this pa­per. Risks related to these cancers are significantly higher in men and residences of urban areas than their baseline coun­terparts. (P< 0.0001) More studies needed to identify risk factors and high risk cases for screening and prevention programs. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2067 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2067/2048

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 20 30 H Karimzadegan M Rahmatian DD Farhud M Yunesian 2015 10 03 Background: Air pollution in Tehran, capital of Iran is responsible for several diverse negative effects. It has been estab­lished that air pollution can affect human health. These health effects include increased hospital admissions due to the ex­acerba­tion of cardiac and respiratory diseases, as well as symptoms such as headache, cough, eye irritation, nausea, sputum and even death in the most vulnerable individuals. In evaluating any policy that would reduce air pollution, it is useful to com­pare the policy's costs to its benefits expressed in monetary units. Methods: Since there is no market available that places value on the benefits of improved air quality, we must undertake non market valuation methods. In this paper we used direct medical cost (DMC), contingent valuation (CV) and value of sta­tisti­cal life (VOSL) approaches and household production model of health. According to this study marginal health dam­age costs for the following type of pollutants impacts: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO) are quantified using exposure response functions(ERF) which relate pollutant con­centra­tion to the resulting impact on a receptor(health). ERFs for health impacts are derived from epidemiological studies. Results: Health damage costs has been estimated at 16224 US$ per each unit increase of PM10, 28816 US$ per each unit in­crease of CO, 1927 US$ per each unit increase of NO2 and 7739 US$ per each unit increase of SO2. Conclusion: Substituting economic incentives for command and control approach to regulating air quality. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2068 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2068/2049

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 31 34 MR Razavi SR Naddaf JLe Bras A Raesi AR Esmaeili M Assmar 2015 10 03 Background: Point mutations in the genes, Pfcrt and Pfdhfr, have been identified elsewhere as strongly associated with re­sistance to chloroquine (CQ) and pyrimethamine, respectively.  Methods: Using a restriction digestion method, we report the frequency of two important mutations, T76 and Asn108, re­spon­sible for conferring resistance to chloroquine and pyrimethamine, respectively, in patients residing in malarious areas of southeastern Iran. Results: Ninety eight and 84% of the patients were found to harbor chloroquine resistant (theronine-76) and pyrimethamine resis­tant (aspargin-108) mutants, respectively. Conclusions: Despite the high frequency of T76 and Asn 108 mutations in Iranian patients, combination of CQ and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (SP) was shown to be quite successful with 100% adequate clinical and parasitological re­sponses. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2069 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2069/2050

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 35 41 E Nasseri M Djalali SA Keshavarz M Hosseini AR Dorosty M Chamari 2015 10 03 Background: Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic protein that has a protective effect against athero­sclero­sis and diabetes. It is exclusively secreted by adipose tissue. Serum adiponectin levels are inversely associated with pa­rame­ters of overall adiposity including body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and percentage of body fat. Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 76 women we sought to evaluate if adiponectin is associated primarily with central adi­pos­ity rather than overall adiposity. We also assessed adiponectin changes after weight loss in a subgroup of 42 obese sub­jects. Results: Waist to hip ratio (WHR), an index of central obesity, was the only variable independently associated to adi­ponectin (Beta= 0.25, P< 0.05). A mean increase of 8.2±24.2% in adiponectin concentration was observed in response to the dietary restriction and weight loss (P= 0.03). Our findings provide evidence for association of serum adiponectin level with visceral fat, represented by waist to hip ratio index. Conclusion: Moderate weight loss result in significant improvements in adiponectin concentration and provide another bio­logi­cal explanation for the beneficial effect of body weight loss on reducing cardiovascular and diabetes risks in obese pa­tients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2070 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2070/2051

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 42 47 A Karami KH Naghavi R Sorouri R Ranjbar A Khalilpour 2015 10 03 Background: Enterobacteriaceae are a large group of bacteria widely distributed in nature. Escherichia coli is the most com­mon cause of urinary tract infection. Two amino acid substitutions, in GyrA, are commonly responsible for quinolone re­sistance in E. coli. The aim of this study was molecular survey of nalidixic acid resistance E.coli isolated from patients in the codones of 83 and 87 gyrA genes. Methods: During 5 months (January to June 2005) of Molecular Survey of Nalidixic Acid Resistance, one hundred and twenty-one E. coli isolates from urine samples of patients referred to clinical laboratory of Baqiyatallah Hospital were cul­tured. Differential tests were done for diagnosis of E.coli. An economical and time-efficient mismatch amplification muta­tion assay (MAMA) PCR was developed to detect mutations in the chromosomal gyrA gene causing these substitutions. Results: In nalidixic acid antibiogram test, 55 cases (45.5%) were sensitive, 63 cases (52%) were resistant and 3 cases (2.5%) were intermediate. Results of PCR and MIC were similar to antibiogram. There was not any mutation in the sensi­tive samples but there were performed five mutations on the 85, 81, 107, 97 and 87 codones of resistance samples. The codone number 87s mutation is one of the main mutations of nalidixic acid resistance. Conclusion: Depending on results of this study and comparison with other studies, trend of resistance of E.coli is increas­ing. Therefore, we recommend control of antibiotic misusage and application of MIC and PCR tests (if possible) prior to treat­ment for suitable selection of antibiotic and prevention of microbial resistance. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2071 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2071/2052

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 48 53 S Hosseini N Nayebi B Amirkalali N Seyedkhoei R Heshmat 2015 10 03 Background: Primary prevention status and goals in 2010 are promoting healthy weight and eating habits and dietary ma­nipula­tion considered in all reports to be the cornerstone of prevention and management of chronic diseases. Since in de­velop­ing countries physicians are in the front line of responding patients' questions regarding their diet, we decided to evalu­ate their necessary nutritional knowledge for accomplishing this mission and to identify consideration for improving the paucity of nutrition education and the nutrition literacy in medical training program, we did the same education in medi­cal students. Methods: Applied nutritional knowledge of 150 general, specialist and sub specialist physicians and 202 medical students was evaluated by structured self administrative questionnaire. Eighteen questions which could be self completed in less than 5 minutes were filled by each subject. Results: The percentage of physicians who gave dietary recommendations to their patients was 73% but the mean correct re­sponds to questions were 3.73±2.15 and 5.87±2.14 out of 14 questions in physicians and medical students respectively. Conclusions: Our data show deficient applied nutritional knowledge of physicians is one of   the main problems of hospital mal­nu­trition. As the same results were shown in medical students, this can not be due to forgetting what was learned but can be related to the quality of nutrition training.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2072 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2072/2053

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 37 1 2008 03 15 54 60 E Kazemi-Rad M Mohebali H Hajjaran S Rezaei S Mamishi 2015 10 03 Background: Direct identification of Leishmania species in Giemsa-stained slides without parasite culturor> Zhilan CHEN Reproductive Medical Center, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, China Liyong CHEN Department of Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China 2020 01 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19595 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19595/6679

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 257 266 Xueguang GUO Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Gang LIU Department of Hepatobiliary & Enteric Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China Xiaoping XIE Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China Jing LI Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China Zehui HOU Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Yanhong GU Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China Lijiang YU Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Jingjiang People’s Hospital, Jingjiang, China 2020 01 29 Background: We aimed to detect IL-17, MMP-9 and CD23 in serum of patients with colorectal cancer to provide some proper references for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods: Overall, 287 patients with colorectal cancer were collected in the Digestive Surgery Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China from January 2017 to November 2018 and were used as the study group, meanwhile, 200 people who took physical examination in the same period were used as the control group. They were retrospectively analyzed. The concentrations of IL-17, MMP-9 and CD23 in serum were detected by ELISA 10 d before and after treatment and 30 d after treatment. The relationship between IL-17, MMP-9 and CD23 concentration and clinicopathology was analyzed. Results: The concentrations of CD23, IL-17 and MMP-9 in peripheral blood of the patients in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.001). IL-17, MMP-9 and CD23 were negatively correlated with treatment time and pathological features in the study group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The concentrations of IL-17, MMP-9 and CD23 obviously increased in peripheral blood of patients with colorectal cancer, the three were negatively correlated with treatment time and were significantly correlated with TNM staging and differentiation degree of colorectal cancer. It is expected to estimate the illness. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19573 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19573/6662

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 01 29 394 396 Sook-Young RYU Institute of General Education, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, Korea Wi-Young SO Sports and Health Care Major, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si, Korea 2020 01 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19596 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19596/6680

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 01 29 267 273 Christian KIM Department of General Education, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea Song Yi LEE Department of Airline Service, Dong Yang University, Yeongju, South Korea Sam-Hun PARK Asia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 2020 01 29 Background: This study attempted to identify the problem South Korea faces in its development of the medical tourism industry from the perspective of English education. Methods: To assess the preparedness and problems of future Korean nurses in dealing with foreign patients, a questionnaire was conducted in 2017 on 146 freshman and sophomore nursing major students at CHA University in South Korea. Results: Although the nursing major students were highly satisfied with the English instructors, they did not feel that the curriculum prepared them well to deal with foreign patients in the future. They also felt that the teaching methodology employed in the class should be changed to incorporate more medical content into the nursing English program. Conclusion: In order for South Korea to play a bigger role in the medical tourism industry, higher education institutions for medicine need to pay more attention to the English education of their students. More specifically, team-taught English for Specific Purposes (ESP) curricula should be established in order to meet the needs of future medical professionals. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19574 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19574/6663

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 397 399 Wenwen WU Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Xiaodong TAN Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Yu XIE Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Qiru WANG Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Yalin ZHANG Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 2020 01 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19597 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19597/6681

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 274 282 Milos M. STEPOVIC Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Dalibor STAJIC Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Marija SEKULIC Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Zlata RAJKOVIC Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Nela DJONOVIC Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia AND Institute of Public Health, Kragujevac, Serbia 2020 01 29 Background: Lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers have been globally estimated to account for about 3.8% of all cancer cases and 3.6% of cancer deaths. Mortality of these cancers is generally higher in developing than in developed countries. Overall cancer mortality rate in Serbia is one of the highest in the world. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate trends and the most common localization of lip, oral and pharyngeal cancers in Serbia. Methods: The study was conducted in 2018 as descriptive epidemiological study and included years from 1999 to 2015. The differences in standardized mortality rates and number of deaths were analyzed with regard to age, gender, and tumor localization. Linear trend and regression were used to determine mortality rate trend. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the number of deaths between men and women in the ages of 40 and over (P < 0.01); male/female cancer mortality ratio was 4.56:1. Generally, the most common localization of this carcinoma was hypopharynx. There was no statistically significant increase of mortality rates from these cancers for both genders (males: y = 4.77 + 0.42x, P = 0.069 % change = +20.35; females: y = 1.03 + 0.01x, P = 0.40 % change = +4) during 17-year period. Conclusion: Promotion of healthy habits, life-styles and regular inspection of mouth by patients and health professionals should be better prioritized especially in developing countries where implementing and improving national health prevention programs are essential. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19577 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19577/6664

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 400 402 Darko DIMOVSKI Faculty of Law, University of Niš, Niš, Republic of Serbia Veljko TURANJANIN Faculty of Law, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia Milica KOLAKOVIĆ-BOJOVIĆ Institute of Criminologial and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia Dragana ČVOROVIĆ Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia 2020 01 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19598 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19598/6682

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 283 293 Xuewei ZHANG School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China Zong GANG School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China Xiao DONG School of Finance, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2020 01 29 Background: The proportion of government healthcare expenditure in China increases due to rapid economic development in recent years. The growth of government healthcare expenditure can promote physical health improvement of human capitals and thereby facilitate economic growth. Hence, exploring the effects of government healthcare expenditure on economic growth is important. Methods: Spatial correlation of economic growth under different spatial weights was tested, and the effects of government healthcare expenditure on economic growth were analyzed by constructing a spatial Durbin model with the panel data of 31 provinces in China gathered from 2005 to 2017. Results: Government healthcare expenditure in China significantly and positively affects economic growth under three spatial weight matrices. The spatial weight of economic distance influences economic growth more significantly compared with the 0–1 spatial weight and the spatial weight of geographical distance. The total and the direct effects of government healthcare expenditure are significantly positive. Furthermore, the direct effects are significant, whereas the indirect effects show different degrees of significance. Conclusion: The total effect of government healthcare expenditure on economic growth is significant and positive, with direct effects exceeding the indirect ones. Hence, the China’s government must continue to increase financial investment to public health services to promote high-quality economic growth in the country. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19578 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19578/6665

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 403 405 Mahdi Ben DHAOU Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi-Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia AND Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia Mohamed ZOUARI Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi-Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia AND Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia Salma AMMAR Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi-Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia AND Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia Naourez GOUIAA Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia AND Department of Pathology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia Manel HAJ MANSOUR Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi-Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia AND Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia Mohamed JALLOULI Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi-Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia AND Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia Thouraya BOUDAWARA Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia AND Department of Pathology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia Riadh MHIRI Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hedi-Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia AND Sfax Medical School, Sfax, Tunisia 2020 01 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19599 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19599/6683

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 294 303 Khaled TAFRAN Department of Administrative Studies and Politics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Makmor TUMIN Department of Administrative Studies and Politics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ahmad Farid OSMAN Department of Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2020 01 29 Background: The primary indicator of public health, which all nations aim to prolong, is life expectancy at birth. Uncovering its socioeconomic determinants is key to extending life expectancy. This study examined the determinants of life expectancy in Malaysia. Methods: This observational study employs secondary data from various official sources of 12 states and one federal territory in Malaysia (2002-2014). Panel data of 78 observations (13 cross-sections at six points in time) were used in multivariate, fixed-effect, regressions to estimate the effects of socioeconomic variables on life expectancy at birth for male, female and both-gender. Results: Poverty and income significantly determine female, male, and total life expectancies. Unemployment significantly determines female and total life expectancies, but not male. Income inequality and public spending on health (as a percentage of total health spending) do not significantly determine life expectancy. The coefficients of the multivariate regressions suggest that a 1% reduction in poverty, 1% reduction in unemployment, and around USD 23.20 increase in household monthly income prolong total life expectancy at birth by 17.9, 72.0, and 16.3 d, respectively. The magnitudes of the effects of the socioeconomic variables on life expectancy vary somewhat by gender. Conclusion: Life expectancy in Malaysia is higher than the world average and higher than that in some developing countries in the region. However, it is far lower than the advanced world. Reducing poverty and unemployment and increasing income are three effective channels to enhance longevity. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19579 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19579/6666

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 02 01 406 408 Abdelhafid BENKSIM Laboratory of Human Ecology, Semlalia School, Marrakesh, Morocco AND High Institute of Nursing and Technical Health (ISPITS), Marrakesh, Morocco Rachid AIT-ADDI Laboratory of Human Ecology, Semlalia School, Marrakesh, Morocco Noureddine ELKHOUDRI Institute of Health Sciences, University Hassan-1, Settat, Morocco Mohamed AMINE Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marrakesh, Morocco Mohamed CHERKAOUI Laboratory of Human Ecology, Semlalia School, Marrakesh, Morocco 2020 01 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19601 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19601/6684

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 2 2020 01 29 304 311