Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 1 8 J Nouri KD Naghipour 2015 10 03 Environmental pollution of soil, plants and deposits around highways endanger urban environment through heavy metals as the by-products of vehicles and urban industries along with other pollutants. In this research, three main highways of Tehran city; namely Shahid Chamran, Shahid Hemmat and Yadegar Emam which had the highest rate of vehicle transportation were selected and required sampling was performed in various distances and specific spots. After preparation of the sample by applying standard method, the concentration of 5 metals such as; lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc and copper were measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometer–flame absorption. The TSS, TS, sodium and potassium contents were measured as well. The results showed the presence of maximum zinc contents ranging from 0.86 to 5.85 mg l-1 and lead contents of 0.6 to6.5 mg/l, both as the highest metal contents in the three highways. On the other hand, the average concentration of total heavy metals found in the highways were measured for the 5 metals and showed the degree of pollution in Chamran highway, with 3.294 mg/l zinc, 3.06 mg/l lead, 0.210 mg/l copper, 0.127 mg/l nickel and 0.058 mg/l cadmium concentrations. Nevertheless, the heavy metals concentration in Hemmat highway had the minimum amount. It seemed that the high degree of pollution in Chamran highway is due to very heavy and lengthy traffic in this highway, since it is located in the central part of Tehran. It also joins northern part of the city to the downtown area and tolerates a heavy traffic jam of vehicles. In addition, due to the slow traffic move and long stops in Chamran highway, tires undergo more abrasion due to repeated brakes and this intensifies, zinc discharge and lead releases from automobile fuels, all of which are being factors that lead to an increase in the metals contents of runoffs of Chamran highway. The aforementioned subject matters reveal urban management’s need to arrange for more controlled and coordination in traffic, environmental preservation and hygiene, particularly in the urban highways. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1992 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1992/1973

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 9 10 M Ansari-Lari M Saadat 2015 10 03 A cross-sectional study to determine whether occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs can cause hematologic changes was performed. Blood samples were collected from a group of 24 hematology/oncology nurses who were exposed to antineoplastic drugs during a mean preiod of 5.5 years (standard error =1.1). The control group, matched by sex, and age, consisted of 18 nurses, worked on other sections. Within the normal range we found significant differences between the exposed and the control group in the absolute mean number of the total white blood cells (t=-2.50; df=40; P https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1993 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1993/1974

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 11 14 AH Zahirnia H Vatandoost M Nateghpour E Djavadian 2015 10 03 Two organochlorine, one organophosphate, two carbamate and two pyrethroid insecticides have been studied for their comparative study against fieldcollected An.pulcherrimus. The trail was conducted in Ghasreghand district, Sistan and Baluchistan province, Southeastern Iran using WHO impregnated papers at the diagnostic dose. Results revealed that this species exhibit resistant to 0.4% dieldrin (mortality 86 ± 2.07). Dose response regression line from interval exposure times to 0.4% dieldrin showed that LT50 and LT90 was 14 and 76 minutes, respectively. The efficacles of other insecticides such as 4% DDT, 5% malathion, 0.1% bendiocarb, 0.1% propoxur, 0.25% permethrin and 0.1% lambdacyhalothrin were maximum when mosquitoes exposed 1 hour at diagnostic dose followed by 24 hour recovery period. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1994 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1994/1975

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 15 18 Arefanian1 M Djalali 2015 10 03 Transferrin acts as a vehicle for iron transportation between the absorption, storage and utilization sites in the body and, besides iron, its two highaffinity iron-binding site are capable of binding to 29 other elements. In physiological and pathophysiological conditions, transferrin’s properties are different and close attention to these properties is required. For further investigation for the above properties, it is necessary to have this protein in highly pure state.The purpose of this research was to isolate and purify the human transferrin from serum with native properties and high purity. The results of this research lead to a protocol for the isolation and purification of human transferrin which is cost-effective and time saving to produce antitransferrin antibody for immunological kits. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1995 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1995/1976

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 19 20 D Shojaeizadeh M Gashtaee 2015 10 03 In order to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitude and health behaviour among menopausud women, a random sample of 250 menopaused women was studied. The data was collected by using a questionnaire and analysed by the SPSS programe. The study showed that seventy woman (28%) had good Knowledge, only twenty seven women (11%) had a positive attitude, and forty women (16%) had good healthy behaviours regarding menopause duration. Also the results of this study revealed that there is a positive correlation between knowledge, attitude and healthy behaviour (P<0.001). According to the findings of this study, the menopausal women must be educated about correct health behaviour because by increasing their knowledge, they will develope a positive attitude and have a healthy behaviour in menopausal years. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1996 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1996/1977

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 21 22 SA Masoud 2015 10 03 A storke is the sudden onset of focal neurologic deficit from a vascular mechanism and is the 3 rd cause of death in developed countries. This study was carried out to evaluate the known risk factors of stroke and their effect on the onset of it in Shahid Behesti hospital in Kashan in 1998. The descriptive strategy of this study was conducted on 300 patients with CVA, that their illness was documented based on their clinical and CT-Scan findings. The informations about the patients was listed in an information list after hospitalization. Most cases were between 70-80 years old. 64% of cases had hypercholestrolemia, 15% diabetic history, 54% hypertension, 40.6% had positive history of smoking and 22.4 % had combined hyperlipidemia. Considering the high incidence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes among the patient with CVA, and the high incidence of smoking as well, more attention is needed to reduce these risk factors in the society. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1997 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1997/1978

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 23 27 ∗K Shahandeh 2015 10 03 The most common reason for women ceasing breast-feeding were lack of support and appropriate advice. To explore the advice about breast-feeding given by community midwives and compare and contrast their advice in Swansea (UK) and Shahrekord (Iran). Data collected through semi-structured interview with a sample of 12 community midwives, 6 from each country. Purposive sample was selected as capable of giving a wide range of responses. Following transcriptions of the interviews, data were analyzed using a content analysis approach.Within Education, Support, Antenatal and Postnatal Advice Themes, categories and sub-categories emerged from the data. Participants were generally aware of their role in supporting women in the process of breast-feeding.The knowledge obtained through research and education should be shared with women so that informed decision of feeding method can be made. More training staff might produce better outcome. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1998 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1998/1979

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 29 32 MH Salari 2015 10 03 Brucellosis has remained a great problem of health in most of countries, which have failed in control of zoonosis infections. This disease is caused by species of Brucella and usually is transferred from animals to humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis among animal farmers of Yazd province. In this descriptive study, 933 animal farmers were investigated by serological tests and blood culture method. Then the data were analyzed by SPPS statistical program. The results showed that the frequency distribution of seropositive cases by MAT and STAT were 35 (3.2%); 25 (2.7%) males and 10 (1.1%) females. The highest and lowest incidences of seropositive cases were among age group of 21-30 (1%) and more than 60 (0.3%) years old, respectively. Of the 35 seropositive cases, 2MET positive were 5 (0.5%), while all blood cultures were negative. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1999 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1999/1980

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 33 36 S Eshraghi Ian C Hancock E Williams 2015 10 03 The methylotrophic thermo tolerant actinomycete strain 381, was isolated from a compost sample, assimilated methanol during growth. Methanol dehydrogenase could not be detected in cell extracts using dye-linked assays in the absence of NAD+. Dichlorophenol-indophenol-linked methanol oxidation was detected in broken cell suspensions in the presence of NAD+ and the absence of cyanide. Taxonomic studies showed that actinomycete strain 381 was distinct from Nocardia species 239, which has also been reported to contain an NAD+– dependent methanol dehydrogenase. The organism can also utilizes pyruvate, casamino acid, glucose, glycerol and many other carbon sources as described before. Preliminary enzyme studies suggested that the cell extracts contained phosphoribulokinase and (RUBP) ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (the two key enzymes for Calvin cycle) which–compounds indicating that actinomycete strain 381, assimilates C1by the means of Serine pathway. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2000 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2000/1981

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 37 44 F Esmaily MK Sharifi–Yazdi 2015 10 03 The immounological responses to S. aureus cell wall antigens, namely crude or whole cell, teichoic acid (TA) peptidoglycan prepared in conventional way (CPG), cell wall (CW), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were investigated by number of immunological methods e.g. RIA, ELISA, immunodiffusion and western blotting techniques.Also a method for preparation of peptidoglycan (MPG) was modified and used as vaccine for our protection studies. In general the responses in rabbits (serum titre) to fractions of S. aureus, varied, crued antigen showed the highest end-point titer while lipoteichoic acid showed the lowest end-point. The highest end-point titre was always seen between homologous sera and antigens. Modified pepdidoglycan and cell wall (PG + TA) showed the similar titre against S. epidermidis hyperimmueserum. The cross – reactivty was also seen between fractions by S. aureus Bate . S. aureus Wood (lack protein A) S. epidermidis and streptococci against various immune sera tested by Elisa and gel diffiusion. The results demonstrated that protective antibody can be obtained between different strain or species of bacteria due to the presence of common antigen or antigenes especially PG in gram - positive bacteria. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2001 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2001/1982

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 31 1-2 2002 06 15 45 46 SA Jalali SM Jalali 2015 10 03 Colorectal carcinoma is the most common gastrointestinal malignancy in the United States of America. In women the incidence is secondSports Science (FRICSS), Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea AND School of Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea Sae Yong LEE Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science (FRICSS), Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea AND Integrated Sports Science Research Laboratory (ISSRL), Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea AND Department of Physical Education, College of Sciences in Education, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea 2018 01 09 2018 09 11 Background: Knee disease is prevalent in the post middle-aged and associated with lower quality of life. Knee disease (i.e., anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) related injury preventive program should be supported. We examined the significant effect of different age, gender, and exercise modalities on measureable nine dependent markers in National Health Insurance Sharing Service database (NHISS DB) registered ACL patients using big data analysis. Methods: The 1755 ACL patients from 514,866 in NHISS DB have been randomly selected by retrospective cohort study using big data from 2002 to 2013. Six independent and 9 dependent variables were used for analyzing patients with ACL injuries by T-test and Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Mean (SD) (men vs. women) of BMI, high blood pressure (BP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and total cholesterol were 24.38±2.72 vs. 24.86±3.12 (P<0.01, 95% C.I., -0.763 ~ -0.194), 126.64±14.70 vs. 125.02±16.62 (P<0.05, 95% C.I., 0.104 ~ 3.151), 27.63±12.18 vs. 24.27±8.48 (P<0.01, 95% C.I., 2.393 ~ 4.331), 197.77±37.60 vs. 205.72±36.72 (P<0.01, 95% C.I., -11.533 ~ -4.378), respectively. Age and the frequency of 20 min severe exercise per week (Move20_Freq) intensive exercise had a significant association with BMI (P<0.05). Gender and Move20_Freq had a significant association with BP (P<0.05). Conclusion: Age-dependent Move20_Freq is associated with BMI in ACL patients. Women with ACL have higher BMI and cholesterol levels than men. These gender-specific differences can be relieved by exercise. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12150 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12150/6911

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 5 2020 05 01 837 850 Jafar BAZYAR Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Negar POURVAKHSHOORI Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid SAFARPOUR Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrdad FARROKHI Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamidreza KHANKEH Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Salman DALIRI Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Elham RAJABI Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vahid DELSHAD Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kourosh SAYEHMIRI Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran 2018 12 05 2019 05 20 Background: Disasters are increasing all over the world. Iran, is one of the high-risk countries in this regard; so it is unavoidable to prepare hospitals as vital centers when disasters happen. This study aimed to evaluation the hospital preparedness based on previous studies in Iran. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis by browsing through all articles published since 2006 to 2017, in English and Persian both languages were designed. Databases that we searched to, include Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medlib, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Internationally and SID, Irandoc and Magiran, domestically. Two expert researchers investigated separately. Researchers used random and fixed effect models in the meta-analysis. Moreover, random and fixed effects model and meta-regression tests were applied by using STATA ver. 11. The P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Twenty-five studies with a sample size of 181 hospitals were introduced to the process of meta-analysis. Iranian hospital preparedness is 53%, totally, that is moderate. Preparedness in different categories is as follows: emergency services 62%, communication 57%, security 54%, education 57%, logistic 65%, human resources 52%, Management and command 64%, reception 43%, transfer and evacuation 44%, traffic 47%, non-structural safety 57%, and structural safety 49%. Conclusion: Hospital preparedness is moderate in Iran. Optimal management of existing resources and the use of Update technologies in the field of hospital services be directed towards improving the preparedness of hospitals for disasters. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15512 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15512/6906

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 5 2020 05 01 1006 1007 EN Petja KASNAKOVA Medical College, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Snezhana DRAGUSHEVA Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Stefka IVANOVA Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria 2018 07 02 2018 07 28 No Abstract   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13914 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13914/6926

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 5 2020 05 01 906 913 Somnuk AUJIRAPONGPAN School of Management, Walailak University, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, Thailand Kanookwan MEESOK School of Management, Walailak University, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, Thailand Pornpan THEINSATHID School of Management, Walailak University, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, Thailand Chanidapa MANEECHOT School of Management, Walailak University, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, Thailand 2019 10 23 2020 04 18 Background: Although the concept of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) was designed for profit-based organisations, the application of the BSC in public and nonprofit organisations (NPOs) could be performed within the NPOs and public health sector, as the conceptual foundation of this system was developed from community hospitals performance. Methods: This study used the BSC concept to analyse the 16 key performance indicators and trends of performance during the last five years of 52 community hospitals located in upper southern Thailand in 2017 and tendency of 2013-2017. The instruments included an annual report and a questionnaire. A statistical analysis to determine percentages, means and standard deviations was performed. Results: The major findings of the community hospitals performance were as follows: Customer perspective: 1. Patient complaint rate of 0.0097% and 2. Outpatient waiting time of 91.89 minutes, Financial perspective: 1. Ratio of total revenue to total expense at 0.9949 and 2. Cost of drugs and materials to total expense at 13.32%, Internal process perspective: 1. Bed turnover at 88.16 and 2. Hospital infection rate of 0.379 times:1,000 patient days, Learning and growth perspective: 1. Staff turnover rate of 4.69% and 2. Number of research studies at 3.77 articles. Trends and performance of hospitals in every perspective of the BSC in the last 5 years showed no differences. Conclusion:  The community hospitals offer services such as treatment of common diseases. If the community hospitals could not assist, they will go to referral system by referring patients to secondary and tertiary care respectively. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18752 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18752/6912

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 5 2020 05 01 851 859 EN Iman MIRIAN Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Javad KABIR Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Omid BARATI Education and Development Center, Hospital Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khosro KESHAVARZ Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Peivand BASTANI Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2018 11 20 2019 04 16 Background: One of the ways for cost-sharing in health system that has been taken into consideration in recent years in some developed countries is paying deductibles. In case of using deductibles, the insured people more carefully and accurately will use health care services, and potentially many unnecessary costs will be avoided. Methods: To investigate the evidence of deductibles in health systems across the world, a literature review was conducted by