Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 33 4 2004 12 15 1 7 K Holakouie Naieni Sh Izadi S Chinikar A Nadim 2015 10 03 Since 1999, many cases of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever have been reported from different parts of Iran. This study intended to define CCHF seroprevalence, incidence rates, and the most important risks in Sistan- Baluchestan province, Iran. Using cluster sampling with probability proportional to size, 310 subjects were selected from various districts of Zahedan and Zabol in the northern part of the province. Blood samples were drawn from consenting subjects, once at the beginning of the study and then 6 months later. The study began on 22 April 2003 and continued till 17 February 2004. A total of 18 out of 285 subjects who consented to give blood samples were actually positive by IgM and IgG capture ELISA tests. The calculated seroprevalence was 6.32% (95% CI: 3.24% to 9.40%). The calculated incidence was 0.48% (95% CI: 0.00% to 1.44%). Fourteen out of the 18 subjects with definitely positive IgG or IgM were female. In multivariate analysis, age, education, and history of slaughtering livestock were significantly related to the risk of infection. Only one of the seropositive subjects had a history of tick bite. This study shows the importance of subclinical infections in the epidemiology of this disease in Iran. It also seems that the risk of infection for housewives is high. Regardless of the high female to male ratio of seropositive subjects, it appears that the epidemiologic characteristics of the infection in this region are not so different compared to other parts of the world. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1885 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1885/1866

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 33 4 2004 12 15 8 15 H Hajjaran M Mohebali MR Razavi S Rezaei B Kazemi GhH Edrissian J Mojtabavi B Hooshmand 2015 10 03 This cross-sectional study was designed to isolate of Leishmania spp from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and characterized them by RAPD-PCR technique. Eighty- seven Leishmania isolates from 112 samples were collected from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients who referred to Mashhad Health Centers from August 2002 to May 2004. Desirable samples (87 isolates) were characterized by RAPD-PCR method using four selected oligoprimers. Electrophoresis patterns from each isolate were compared with reference strains of L. major, L. tropica and L. infantum. The results showed that 94.2% and 5.8% of isolates were similar to L.tropica and L.major reference strain, respectively. Four isolates that were determined by RAPD-PCR as L.major, could produce ulcer at the base tail of BALB/c mice, 4 - 12 weeks after inoculation but none of L. tropica isolates produced any lesions at the site of injection in the animals. The results indicate that L. tropica species are dominant in the studied areas of Mashhad city and RAPD-PCR technique is a suitable tool for Leishmania characterization in epidemiological studies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1886 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1886/1867

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 33 4 2004 12 15 16 25 A Vatankhah M Assmar MA Shokrgozar SA Taghavi Hoseini AR Esmaeili Rastaghi 2015 10 03 Early diagnosis of human hydatid disease by detecting the specific antibodies in patients’ sera is considered as an important step in treatment of infection. But the diagnostic efficiencies of assays greatly depend on the characteristics of antigen that is used and various conditions in performance. In present study, we tried to standardize an indirect haemagglutination test, using antigen B for diagnosis of hydatid disease. Sera from 80 patients with surgically confirmed hydatidosis and 40 sera from healthy donors were examined. To detect the cross-reactant antibodies, 53 sera from patients with other parasitic infectious and diseases were applied in this study. IHA was performed with sheep RBC that was sensitized by various concentrations of crude antigen and antigen B. The best results were obtained by IHA with applying antigen B (10μg/ml) for 40 min at 37˚C or 60 min at room temperature. Diagnostic value of antigen B (sensitivity 93.75%, specificity 100% and efficiency 97.12%) was significantly higher than related value of crude antigen (sensitivity 65%, specificity 100% and efficiency 83.81%) in IHA under the optimum condition. Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA using crude antigen (10μg/ml) were obtained 80% and 94.62%, respectively. Corresponding values of ELISA using antigen B were also obtained as 72.5% and 98.92%, respectively. It is suggested that the IHA, as a serological assay, is a valuable method with high diagnostic efficiency for serodiagnosis of hydatid disease, when is performed by purified antigen B. It is a rapid diagnostic assay with any needs neither for expensive instruments nor expert personnel so is useful for seroepidemiological studies and field trial in endemic areas. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1887 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1887/1868

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 33 4 2004 12 15 26 30 R Sasanfar A Tolouei A Hoseinipour DD Farhud M Dolati L Hoghooghi Rad M Montazer Zohour M Ghadami H Pour-Jafari M Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori 2015 10 03 The 35delG mutation in the Connexin 26 gene (Cx26), at the DNFB1 locus is the most common mutation in the patients with autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL). We have studied a total of 224 deaf cases from 189 families in two populations of Iran (Sistan va Bluchestan and Hormozgan provinces) by prescreening nested PCR, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consequent direct sequencing method for all cases. The aim of the present work was to find prevalence of GJB2 mutations in the populations studied. Four different GJB2 mutations including 35delG, W24X, R127H and (V27I + E114 G) were identified in 11 of 189 families (5.8%). Two polymorphisms (V27I and V153I) also were detected in 14 families. A polymorphism S86T was determined in all cases. Homozygote 35delG mutation was found only in 1 of 189 families (0.5%).The rate of Cx26 mutations found in this study was lower than other Iranian populations. So the cause of deafness in the populations studied remains to be detected in other loci or genes. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1888 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1888/1869

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 33 4 2004 12 15 31 37 K Ashrafi J Massoud K Holakouei M Mahmoodi MA Joafshani MA Valero MV Fuentes M Khoubbane P Artigas MD Bargues S Mas-Coma 2015 10 03 Following the occurrence of two large outbreaks in Gilan province, northern Iran, the public health importance of human fascioliasis has increased significantly. The mixed infections of Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica within a given domestic animal individual suggest a very complicate picture of possible circulation ways of the parasite and the possibility for humans to be infected with both species. Elucidating these circulation ways is very critical for understanding the epidemiology and transmission of the disease and being ascertain how animals and humans enter the different liver fluke circulations in this endemic zone. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the distribution and natural infections of local lymnaeids, environmental characteristics related to the disease transmission and determining the most prevalent fasciolids and definitive hosts in human endemic areas of Gilan province. Bandar-Anzali and Rasht are the most important endemic areas with most of the cases of human disease during the epidemics and inter-epidemic periods. Sheep raising is not normal in these regions, while cattle is the most common definitive host. According to the data obtained from slaughterhouse observations in Bandar-Anzali and Rasht, the main fasciolid in local cattle is F. gigantica. Of 928 adult liver flukes collected from 13 infected livers of cattle, in Rasht and Bandar-Anzali slaughterhouses, 91.1% were diagnosed as F. gigantica and 8.9% as F. hepatica. L. gedrosiana and L. palustris were the most prevalent lymnaeid snails in this endemic zone. It appears that L. truncatula is not prevalent in Bandar-Anzali and Rasht and surroundings of these endemic cities. Of 4830 different snails studied, only seven L. gedrosiana were found to be infected with larval stages (rediae and cercariae) of Fasciola sp. Experimental infections of 15 common laboratory mice by metacercariae, obtained from those naturally infected snails, were carried out and all trematodes recovered at necropsy, 8 weeks post-exposure, appeared to be F. gigantica based on morphology. The high temperature, moisture and rainfall during the year, especially in Bandar-Anzali, support the establishment and transmission of the disease in the zone. Although the species involved in human infections in endemic areas of Gilan has been usually referred to as F. hepatica, the results of this study as well as some interesting epidemiological evidences related to the disease, support that Fasciola gigantica might be the main causal agent of fascioliasis in this important endemic zone. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1889 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1889/1870

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 33 4 2004 12 15 38 42 R Moniri Z Mosayebii GA Mossavi 2015 10 03 The transfusion transmitted infections are potentially dangerous complications of transfusion therapy in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of transmissible infections in blood donor population in Kashan, Iran. A total of 600 consecutive sera were tested for CMV-IgM antibody, HBsAg, hepatitis B core (HBc) antibody, hepatitis C (HCV) antibody, and HIV antibody with standard methods. Of the sera tested, 14 specimens (2.3%) were CMV-IgM positive. The frequency of seropositive revealed no significant differences between male and female donors. The frequency rates of CMV-IgM seropositive tests tend to decline with increasing the age. There was no relation between the frequency rates of CMV-IgM seropositive with the educational level, socioeconomic status, marital status, urban dweller and rural resident patients. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV antibody was 0.5%, 0.5%, and 0%, respectively. These findings implied important clinical applications because detection of CMV positive sera may reduce the risk for transmission of CMV in blood transfusion and thereby decrease the risk on CMV-induced complications. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1890 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1890/1871

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 33 4 2004 12 15 43 52 RA Dianati-Tilaki AH Mahvi M Shariat S Nasseri 2015 10 03 The contamination of water by toxic heavy metals is a world-wide environmental problem. Discharges containing cadmium, in particular, are strictly controlled due to the highly toxic nature of this element and its tendency to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms. Low concentration (below 5 mg`/L) of cadmium is difficult to treat economically using chemical precipitation methodologies. Ion exchange and reverse Osmosis which can guarantee the metal concentration limits required by regulatory standards, have high operation and maintenance costs. The goal of this research was to determination of efficacy of using GAC, Biofilm and BAC columns to treat low concentration cadmium bearing water streams and was to determination of the effects of temperature and pH on the adsorption isotherms. Studies were conducted to delineate the effect of pH, temperature, initial Cd and adsorbent concentration on adsorption of Cd2+ by GAC, BAC and Biofilm. Breakthrough curves for removal of 0.5 mg/L Cd2+ by GAC, Biofilm and BAC columns at two contact times were plotted. Batch adsorption and column data are compared, pH is shown to be the decisive parameter in Cd removal for GAC but not for BAC or biofilter. Lagergren plots confirm applicability of first-order rate expression for adsorption of Cd by GAC, BAC and Biofilm. The adsorption coefficient (Kad) for BAC was 2-3 times greater than those with plain GAC. Bed Volumee evaluated under four categories based on smoking status and construction date. The characteristics of the coffeehouses, such as their CO levels and temperatures both indoors and outdoors, were all measured. These analyses were carried out with the SPSS 15.0 program. Results: The CO levels in Turkish coffeehouses were above the values indicated as being safe by the WHO. While stoves and cooking equipment were determined to contribute to indoor CO levels, cigarettes were found to be the main source. Indoor CO levels at second hour were very strongly correlated (r: 0.84, P<0.001) (r: 0.91, P<0.001) with indoor CO levels at initial and first hour as well as with smoking status (r: 0.69, P<0.001); they were also moderately correlated with the room volume (r: 0.34, P<0.001) and construction materials (r: 0.31, P<0.001) of the coffeehouse. Conclusion: Elevated CO levels in Turkish coffeehouses indicate the possible presence of other pollutants, particularly when the main source is smoking. In such cases, both individuals and the whole of society are affected negatively in many ways. Therefore, smoking should be prohibited by law in Turkish coffeehouses and national awareness programs should be developed based on peoples' lifestyles. Moreover, the standards for construction and management of Turkish coffeehouses should be improved as well. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2633 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2633/2613

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 59 65 K Ghatreh Samani Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, I M Noori Drug Applied Research Center and Biotechnology Research Canter, Tabriz University of Medical Scienc M Rohbani Nobar Drug Applied Research Center and Biotechnology Research Canter, Tabriz University of Medical Scienc M Hashemzadeh Chaleshtory Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran E Farrokhi Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran M Darabi Amin Drug Applied Research Center and Biotechnology Research Canter, Tabriz University of Medical Scienc 2015 10 03 Background: The T allele of the hepatic lipase (HL) C-514T polymorphism was previously found to be associated with lower plasma HL activity. Here, we examined the association between this polymorphism and plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in patients with coronary arteries stenosis. Methods: We studied 342 subjects undergoing coronary angiography in two groups of non CAD (n=146) and CAD (n=196). -514C→T polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: After adjustment  for age, smoking  and body mass index, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher  in men with the C/T&T/T genotype than those with the C/C genotype(mean 38.6 and 34.7 respectively P=0.01). The frequency of T allele in non CAD was 0.136 and 0.226 in female and male respectively and 0.170 and 0.223 for female and male in CAD subjects. There was no difference in T allele frequency in CAD and none CAD groups in male and female (P=0.466 and 0.722 respectively). Conclusion: -514C→T of LIPC gene have a positive effect on HDL-C concentration especially in male gender. However, no difference was determined in frequency of T allele between CAD and normal arteries subjects. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2634 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2634/2614

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 66 72 MR Baneshi Reserch Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran H Faramarzi Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz M Marzban Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Scien 2015 10 03 Background: Diagnostic models are frequently used to assess the role of risk factors on disease complications, and therefore to avoid them. Missing data is an issue that challenges the model making. The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic model to predict death in HIV/ AIDS patients when missing data exist. Methods: HIV patients (n=1460) referred to Voluntary Consoling and Testing Center (VCT) of Shiraz southern Iran during 2004-2009 were recruited. Univariate association between variables and death was assessed. Only variables which had univariate P< 0.25 were selected to be offered to the Multifactorial models. First, patients with missing data on candidate variables were deleted (C-C model). Then, applying Multivariable Imputation via Chained Equations (MICE), missing data were imputed. Logistic regression was fitted to C-C and imputed data sets (MICE model). Models were compared in terms of number of variables retained in the final model, width of confidence intervals, and discrimination ability. Result: About 22% of data were lost in C-C model. Number of variables retained in the C-C and MICE models was 2 and 6 respectively. Confidence Intervals (C.I.) corresponding to C-C model was wider than that of MICE. The MICE model showed greater discrimination ability than C-C model (70% versus 64%). Conclusion: The C-C analysis resulted to loss of power and wide CI's. Once missing data were imputed, more variables reached significance level and C.I.'s were narrower. Therefore, we do recommend the application of the imputation method for handling missing data. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2635 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2635/2615

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 73 78 A Entezari Educational Development Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran MA Javadi Ophthalmology Research Center, Labbafi Nejad Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Scienc B Einollahi Ophthalmology Research Center, Labbafi Nejad Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Scienc 2015 10 03 Background: Academic medicine is in a state of dramatic transformation. For this reason strategic thinking is the most essential part of educational planning. The main purpose of the present study was developing the strategic educational planning of Ophthalmology in Iran from 2007 to 2010 Methods: A qualitative investigation using focus group discussion has been implemented successfully for developing educational planning. Six to twelve representatives of key stakeholders in the ophthalmic education of Iran participated to this study. Results: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of ophthalmology education in Iran were analyzed. Strategic goals in education, research, and health service providing domains were being developed. Educational goals were defined as training of human resources in accordance with the community needs at the level of general practitioner, specialist, and fellowships in ophthalmology. Research goals of the program were defined as scientific inter-departmental and international communications, in order to promote the level of education, research, and treatment in the country. Also, in the field of health services according to the community needs, providing services by the means of advanced and cost effective methods were defined as strategic objectives. Conclusion: Based on this strategic plan in the last three years ophthalmic education in Iran shall be many changes in educational, research and health care provision for social accountability. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2636 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/2636/2616

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 41 1 2012 01 15 79 86 A Rafiee Dept. of Marine Biology, Sciences & Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran SMR Fatemi Dept. of Marine Biology, Sciences & Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran S Jamili Dept. of Marine Biology, Sciences & Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran S Ajdari Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran F Riazi-rad Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran A Memarnejadian Dept. of Hepatitis and Aids, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran MH Alimohammadian Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Background: Ferroportin