Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 1 8 B Sadrizadeh 2015 10 03 [NO ABSTRACT] https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1665 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1665/1646

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 9 14 AR Mesdaghinia J Nouri K Naddafi AR Rezaian 2015 10 03 This research, in addition to survey the existing data on the quality of Sahebgharanieh wastewater treatment plant's effluent in the previous years, by runing a three months monitoring stage, studies the conditions of the final settling and aeration basin and the variations of the influent and effluent quantity and quality in removing of major pollutants (BOD, COD, TSS), while scrutinizing the primary criteria for designing this WWTP, so that by this means; the difficulties and defects that plant is faced with will be recognized, and finally by finding the roots of these problems; appropriate methods shall be presented for upgrading and optimizing wastewater plant's operations. The outcomes of this research show that this WWTP faces enhanced hydraulic lodas, which especially at peak currents; disturbs the sludge blanket and leads to the carry-over of biological solids in to the effluent. In addition the plant lacks of wastewater disinfection facilities and numerous operational problems such as additional sludge recycling to the system, shortage of dissolved oxygen and mixing in the aeration basins. Discharging of solid loads resulting from constructional operations and the fuel leftovers in the network, is one of the other difficulties that the wastewater plant has. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1666 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1666/1647

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 15 20 SJ Shahtaheri D Stevenson 2015 10 03 Many modern analytical methods deal with the trace-level determination of compounds of interest in highly complex environmental samples by means of chromatographic techniques. The introduction of a "clean" sample into an analytical instrument can make analyses easier and prolongs the equipment life. The use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) has grown and is a fertile technique of sample preparation as it provides better results than those produced by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The application of SPE can give selectivity of extraction providing a purified and concentrated extract. Through this study, optimization of trace enrichment and sample clean-up method via the use of bonded silica cartridges is discussed. SPE using bonded silica has been optimized with respect of sample pH, sample concentration, elution solvent strength, sample volume, and elution volume. In this investigation a variety of non-polar sorbent cartridges were also screened. During this study, the octadecyl bonded silical cartridge (C18) has proven successful in simplifying sample preparation. The present approach proved that MCPA could be retained on C18 based on specific interaction. Further study employed methanol to extract the analyte from spiked water and gave a clean sample for high pressure liquid chromatography equipped with ultra violet detection system. The optimized method was validated with three different pools of spiked samples and showed good reproducibility over six consecutive days as well as six within-day experiments. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1667 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1667/1648

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 21 26 AH Mahvi J Nouri N Tabatabaie 2015 10 03 Slow Sand Filters are as a proper technology for pre-treatment of raw water, with a fine and medium trubidity in small communities in developing countries. Thus, with a minimum operation cost and minimum need for expest bodies have the maximum efficiency. The purpose of this research is carried out to evaluate the efficiency of two processes of horizontal flow roughing filter and vertical flow roughing filter, in order to remove the trubidity and parasite egg from water. For this purpose, two series of pilots are used, each pilot has 3 sections, which consists of granular particles of 4-25 mm. First section of each filter is filed with the granuls of 12-18 mm in diameters. Second section of each filter also contains with sand of 8-12 mm in diameters and the third section of each filter also contains with the sand of 4-8 mm in diameters. The head sections 1, 2 and 3 were 1 meter in down flow roughing filter, respectively. Samples of turbid water, which were made artificially (silty soil + water) and sample waters with different turbidities were injected into two systems and since on of the other goals of research was to study the efficiency of these filters, in removal of parasitic egg from water, therefore from the total concentrates which were prepared from parasitic eggs; such as:Ascaris, Fasicola hepatica and Trichosephal and water was added to them. These samples were finally passed through filters. The outcomes of the study, indicate that accelerating the filteration process, leads to declined efficiency of both filters. Horizontal flow roughing filters also have a higher efficiency compared with medium and fine media filters, in removing trubidities, in such manner that these filters are able to treat and refine waters with turbidities of 500-1000 NTU which vertical flow roughing filters, are only able to receive waters with turbidities up to 150 NTU. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1668 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1668/1649

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 27 30 H Vatandoost 2015 10 03 Susceptibility levels of a lab strain of An. Stephensi to WHO standard papers of DDT 4%, dieldrin 0.4%, malathion 5%, permethrin 0.25%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.1%, cyfluthrin 0.1% and deltamethrin 0.025% were determined in our laboratory in 1999. Results showed that at the diagnostic dose of insecticides this species exhibited resistance to DDT and dieldrin with mortality rate of 54±2.5% and 30±2.5%, respectively. Malathion 5% caused 96±1% mortality. Permethrin killed 90±2% of the populations. Alpha-cyano groups of pyrethroids, e.g., deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and lambdacyhalothrin had highest efficacy, the mortality was 99.5±0.5, 100%, and 99±0.5% respectively. The results of irritability of this species to lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin cyfluthrin and deltamethrin revealed that lambdacyhalothrin had the most and deltamethrin the least irritancy effect. The average number of take offs/fly/minutes for lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin were 1.699±0.35 and 0.946±0.13%, respectively. For permethrin and cyfluthrin the equivalent values were 1.52±0.2 and 1.385±0.25, respectively. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1669 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1669/1650

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 31 36 M Malakootian 2015 10 03 Noise is defined as unwanted or objectionable sound. Human susceptibility to noise varies in terms of intensity, altitude, timbre of sound, personal sensibility, age, and history of ear disorder. Noise pollution which is the result of heterogeneous and uncontrolled developments of cities is one the serious problems in large cities of Iran. Although noise pollution in Kerman (located in southeast of Iran) is not as serious as that of large cities in Iran, it can be considered as one of the elements which have changed Kerman's life pattern. In this study, conducted in 1999, in order to assess noise pollution level in Kerman, 13 stations were selected and the levels of Lmax, LAV, L99, L90, L50, L10 were measured daily for 156 days. Results, in all stations, indicated that sound level in Kerman exceeds national standard level and WHO guidelines. Therefore, it is essential to take some actions in order to control Kerman noise pollution with some undesirable impacts. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1670 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1670/1651

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 37 40 M Ansari-Lari M Saadat M Shahryari DD Farhud 2015 10 03 Individuals handling antineoplastic drugs or their wastes may absorb these potent genotoxic agents. The effects of handling antineoplastic drugs were examined in a group of 24 nurses working in the hematology and oncology departments of two different university hospitals in Shiraz (Iran) and in a group of 18 unexposed nurses as control group. The cytogenetic repercussions of exposure were assessed by examining sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei (Mn) in circulating lymphocytes. A significant increased frequencies of SCE and Mn is observed in circulating lymphocytes. A significant increased frequencies of SCE and Mn is observed in nurses in daily contact with antineoplastic drugs as compared to control group. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1671 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1671/1652

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 41 44 "L Andonian MB Eslami AA Mohammadi J Akbarzadeh HR Soleimanpour DD Farhud" 2015 10 03 The aim of this sutdy is to prepare Histocompatability Y(HY) antibody in female mouse at the first phase (current study), and to separate mouse embryos with regard to their sex, to be able to obtain offsprings of disired sex, by means of HY antibody, at the second phase. Totally 421 BALB/C inbred mice were used. Antibodies were produced in females by intraperitonial injections of spleen and testis cells of neonatal male mice. The sera of females were tested by five different immunological techniques, as follows: Double gel diffusion, Counter Immunoelectrophoresis, Plain electrophoresis, Immunofluorescence and Cytotoxicity test. The first two techniques showed no positive results, but the remaining three methods proved the existence of HY antibody in sera. In electrophoresis, an increase in gamma-globulin and total globulins index, over albumin, was detected in injected mice sera. In immunofluorescence assay HY antigen was revealed on the surface of the mouse testis and spleen cells. Cytotoxicity test has been the most suitable method for detecting HY antibody. Also, the possibility to differentiate X-bearing and Y-bearing embryos could be used in prevention of X-linked diseases as well as in population control. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1672 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1672/1653

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 45 48 D Shojaeizadeh 2015 10 03 The prevalence of child abuse in the world is 47 per 1000. According to the Child Protective Service agency (CPS) more than 3 million children were abused in the USA in 1998. There was 1.7% increase in comparison with 1996. The prevalence of child abuse in the USA is 15 per 1000. A crosssectional study was conducted in order to determine the frequency, and influential factors on child abuse among families in Tehran. A sample of 420 students was selected from secondary school girls in Tehran in 1999. A questionnaire was used for data collection, and the collected data were analysed through statistical tests such as X2 and other forms of descriptive tests. The findings of research showed that in terms of abnormal (unexpectedly bad) behaviour, 28% of the sample were faced quarrelsome and bitted by their fathers. The mothers' reactions for similar behaviour were more or less the same: 34.9% quarrelsome and 7% bitting. Child abuse, physically and emotionally, has had significant relation with socioeconomic status of families as well as having interaction with mentally ill or addicted person(s) among families. Mothers' employment, religious beliefs, and parents' educational attainments also demonstrated significant relations with child abuse. A statistically significant relationship has also been found between mothers' employment, addicted or mentally ill person among family members, and doubtful child sexual abuse.To prevent child abuse the following actions should be taken: Education of parents about children rights and how to treat their children. Establishment of centers to protect the children at risk. Education of young couples to take more reponsibility of having children. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1673 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1673/1654

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 30 1-2 2001 06 15 49 52 EB Kia MM Homayouni A Farahnak M Mohebali S Shojai 2015 10 03 During an investigation on the endoparasites of rodents in Ahvaz, Khuzestan province, sotitis. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1726 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1726/1707

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 87 92 M.M. Soltan-Dallal E. Mostafavi F. Aghaseriad Javadi 2015 10 03 Yersiniosis is a common infection in human and animals. Yersinia enterocolitica infection has been associated with a variety of clinical manifestations. This bacterium has been isolated from water, meat, milk environment, animals and so on. Our studies have been accomplished about isolation of Y. enterocolitica from vegetables such as lettuce, carrot, celery, parsley, tomato, cabbage, radish, mushroom and leek. Four methods for isolating were: enrichment with ITC broth, enrichment with PSB broth, enrichment with PSB medium with KOH 0.25% and cold enrichment for 14 d at 4 C and used from PSB medium with KOH0.25%. Two cases of Yersinia were isolated from 110 samples of raw vegetables. One case of Y. enterocolotica enterocolitica was isolated from lettuce and the other case was Y.fredriksenli from parsley. Biochemical and virulent tests demonstrated environmental strains but not pathogenic. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1727 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1727/1708

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 93 102 SM. Karimian E. Dodangeh Balakhani GH.Azari 2015 10 03 Blood sulfhemoglobin (S-Hb), total haemoglobin and phosphorous (P) level and blood cell count in 33 matches industry workers of Azar Abhar, who were exposed directly or indirectly to chemical agents used in the factory (subjects), were measured. The results were compared with the result of the same measurement on 14 farm workers of the region (control) and were analysed. In this study the effect of the work situation and duration of their occupation on the above-mentioned parameters were studied. The following results were obtained: S-Hb blood level between the subjects had a significant increase in respect to the control. This level in subjects of the regions with a high phosphorous pollution was higher than the other parts. Total haemoglobin concentration in the subjects yielded a significant decrease in respect to the control. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1728 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1728/1709

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 103 109 H.Nekoui M. Assmar A. Amirkhani N.Pyazak 2015 10 03 A faunistic study was carried out to estimate the frequency and distribution of different species of ticks and their association with intermittent relapsing fever, in 1995. In this study, during a course of 18 months, 78 villages were examined in 4 towns and 11 cities. Totally 5938 soft and hard ticks were collected from different habitats, mostly human dwellings and stables. After microscopic examination using a morphological discriminative key, four and three species of soft and hard ticks harbouring Borrelia spp. were identified as well. The distribution of ticks in proportion to whole area was 6.5% per Km for all species which was divided to 3.6% and 2.9% ticks per km for soft and hard ticks, respectively. The rate of infection among Tholozani ticks by Borrelia persica was 36.6%. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1729 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1729/1710

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 110 120 M. jalali P. Vosough S. Ghodsi Sh. Yousefi 2015 10 03 Thirty eight patients with visceral Leishmaniasis were reviewed, age ranged from 2 months to 10 years, 74% above 3.5 y, with 24% affection in infants (7 to 12 m), with slight male predilection. All the patients had weight loss, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, 97% with fever, 92% had positive serology and 63% had positive bone marrow findings. A few patients presented with atypical clinical findings and one patient even had no history for fever. In 2 patients both serology and bone marrow were negative, but due to their critical conditions and high indexes of clinical suspicion for this disease, treatment with antimonate (glucantime) was started which was dramatically successful. It was interesting that later in both patients the serology became highly positive. In conclusion this is a disease that firstly could be prevented by strengthening of struggle against phelebotomus and animal reservoirs in affected areas and secondly for early diagnosis and initiation of therapy it is suggested to establish a community setup for medical and laboratory facilities in involved areas. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1730 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1730/1711

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 121 132 H.Dehghan Shahreza N. Razavizadeh 2015 10 03 This research was conducted from July 1993 to June 1994 on the total population (711 workers) of a glass factory. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative free silica (quartz) in respiratory zone of workers in glass industry. Field samples including 50 samples total dust and 37 samples respirable dust and standard simplex were collected on membrane filters using SKC dust sampler (NIOSH method). To include effects of uneven dust thickness on the filters, standard filters were prepared exactly in the same manner as the field sample have been collected, this was accomplished through the design and construction of a dust generating chamber. The analytical instrument used for quantitative and qualitative determination of free silica was an X-ray diffraction apparatus. The maximum and minimum concentration of free silica in total dust and respirable dust in the respiratory zone workers were 16:98-0.25 mg/m3, 2.55-0.1 mg/m3, respectively. The average free silica in total dust and respirable dust in the respiratory zone workers were 6.47 mg/m3 (exceeding the PEL-OSHA by 22 times) and 0.95 mg/m3 (exceeding the TLV-TWA-ACGIH by 9.5 times). https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1731 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1731/1712

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 133 144 K. Imandel M. Ghotbi-Ravandi N. Moazami M. Mazaheri Asadi 2015 10 03 Fossil fuel power plant is one of the most important sources of environmental pollution of the vanadium toxic metal. This survey showed that the Penicilium austuranium is the best microorganism for biosorption of vanadium isolated from environment of fossil fuel power plant. To determine the optimum pH and most biosorption and accumulation of vanadium by these fungi, power plants wastewater, passed through a cylindrical laboratory vessel, containing a great mass of this microorganism. When the concentration of 1000 ppm vanadium solution with 120 m1/h speeds, was passed through the above mentioned container, after 10 min, the laboratory experiment showed that the absorption was 100% and by the concentration, the time, was reduced. The best biosorption occurred with pH lower than 2, because vanadium acted as a cationic element, but in pH more than 2, vanadium was adsorbed to the cell fungi as anionic element and the sorption reduced. The alkaline condition stopped the vanadium sorption on the outer surface of the fungi. For isolation and recovery of vanadium, one can use water from distributed water supply networks. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1732 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1732/1713

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 145 150 S. Ghavami H.Ladonni 2015 10 03 To determine the degree of susceptibility of An. Sacharovi to malathion 5%, fenitrothion 1% and DDT 4% extended studies were carried out on sucked blood engorged mosquitoes collected from Dasht Argen (Fars province) in 1997. Testing method was according to standard WHO method in lots of 25 adults' mosquitoes in 4 replicates. An. Sacharovi were touched by malathion 5% and DDT 4% insecticides in 15, 30 and 60 minutes exposure time. Based on the results, mortality level was found to be 53.1%, 84.3% and 100% for malathion and 48.5%, 85.4% and 100% for D.D.T. LD50 and LD90 for DDT was found to be 15.70 and 32.55 min, respectively. According to the results, An. Sacharovi was susceptible to malathion and D.D.T. However, this Anophel had strong resistance background to D.D.T. in other areas in Iran. Another insecticide tested was fenitrothion with 1% in 60, 75, 90 and 120 min exposure time mortality was 35.4%, 60.6%, 64.3% and 84.5%, with LD50 and LD90 of about 69.83 and 138.9 min, respectively. Due to absence of fenitrothion application in malaria vectors control program in southern Iran and also susceptibility to malathion, it seems that the fenitrothion dosage of 1% in 120 min time might not be effective, therefore, it is recommended to change that concentration of insecticide or the amount of exposure time. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1733 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1733/1714

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 151 160 J. Nouri H.Amirbeighi 2015 10 03 The most important environmental pollutant in steel industry is air pollution due to the process of its products. Optimise sitting for this industry, in a great extend will prevent pollutants and emissions. Khorasan Steel Company is located near some populous villages and three rivers. It is necessary to perform an investigation for providing abatement and control of air pollution, in time of planning and manufacturing of control instruments. The manufacturing company has determined air pollution reduction instruments in this site, according to the emission suspended particulate and its climatic conditions. The air pollution reducer's instruments were used back-fither. But, this offer was not agreed by the Department of the Environment of Iran. Perhaps, this disagreement was announced just for another original problem, which was the site selection of plants. This research was on the filtration which has been offered by the manufacturing company, if this selection can improve the future regional air pollution. These figures, of course, were obtained from the present data and plume rise particulate, considering Gausian distribution mode for all the rural population and rivers rounding to the site, up to 5 km. The results showed that the produced particulates were less than permissible limit and the proposed methods will improve the complex air pollution difficulties So, the proposed methods were provided for increasing the control and operating the system for conducting of cyclone before input of particulate to the back-filter. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1734 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/1734/1715

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 28 1-4 1999 12 15 161 168 H. Edalat M.Nazari