Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 6 2024 06 11 1416 1426 Negar Bizhani 1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Giorgia Vincenti Cultural Heritage Department, Physical Anthropology Laboratory, University of Salento, Italy Seyyed Mansur Seyyed Sajjadi Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR), Tehran, Iran Jean Dupouy-Camet Parasitology-Mycology Department, Cochin Public Assistance Hospital Paris Hospitals, Paris Cité University, Paris, France Rouhollah Shirazi Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Mehdi Nateghpour 1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Faranak Kargar Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vahid Shariati National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran Pier Francesco Fabbri Museo e Istituto Fiorentino di Preistoria, via S. Egidio 21, 50122 Firenze, Italy Gholamreza Mowlavi 1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 06 11 2024 06 11 Background: The intriguing area of paleopathology merges the disciplines of archeology and biological studies. Using this line of research, it is possible to identify diseases that have left skeletal traces in the past. In addition, diseases such as various anemia that occur in childhood, when bone tissue is soft and retains evidence, can be identified in ancient bones. Cribra orbitalia (Co), cribra cranii (Cc), and porotic hyperostosis (Ph) were ancient skeletal remains' most common degenerative anomalies. Methods: Shahr-i Sokhta dated back to 3200-1800 BCE, is the subject of our research; it is located in Sistan and Baluchistan province (Iran). The research was done on the archaeological data collected during the MAIPS expeditions at Shahr-i Sokhta (2017–2021) kept at the storage of the excavated materials on the site. The skeletal remains were examined for bone abnormalities such as Co, Cc, and Ph. These symptoms were analyzed to obtain traces of anemia-related diseases at this site. Data has been utilized following the Data Collection Codebook Results: Ninety-six adults were studied while the anemic signs of CC and Co are respectively seen in 27/72 (37.5 %) and 10/57 (17; 5 %), and these samples have been kept for future analysis. Conclusion: Bones may narrate a person's life, their gender and how old they were when they died besides the diseases they had. Some of the skeletons show signs of anemia, Classical paleopathology lets us to reconfirm studying diseases by further targeted sampling using molecular methods. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/35788 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/35788/8274