Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 2 2024 01 30 280 292 EN Seyed Gholamreza Noorazar Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammadreza Mirzaei Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Parinaz Kalejahi Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2022 11 10 2023 07 05 Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex etiology. Stimulants as a first-line treatment are not effective in some cases. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of traditional Persian Iranian medicine (TIM) for children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Data were collected mainly from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Scopus databases until Dec 2022. The keywords related to ADHD, traditional Persian medicine (TPM), and (TIM) were searched. Two reviewers independently screened 714 abstracts and eventually, eight trials were included in the systematic reviews. Changes in the severity of ADHD symptoms were considered based on the validated cutoff on recognized rating scales as the result of the effect of TIM on ADHD. Results: Interventions included herbal extracts of Passiflora incarnate, whey protein, Ginkgo biloba, Crocus sativus L, sweet almond syrup, and horse milk. In all studies, except G. biloba, there was evidence of a reduction in the severity of ADHD. Low evidence could be found for G. biloba. Conclusion: Herbal and traditional remedies are an efficient and safe solution to alleviate the symptoms of ADHD. In future studies, TIM as a complementary therapy may be useful to alleviate ADHD symptoms, especially in children who are resistant to stimulant medications.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30315 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30315/8154