Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 11 2022 11 09 2573 2581 Marina Kostić Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Slobodan Janković Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Jana Desnica Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Stefan Lukić Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Sara Mijailović Department of Medical statistics and informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Marija Anđelković Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Marijana Stanojević Pirković Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Olivera Milovanović Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Marko Spasić Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Tanja Vojinović Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro Dejana Ružić Zečević 1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia 2022 09 22 2022 11 09 Background: The administration of chemotherapy positively correlates with diverse adverse drug reactions, including the significant impact of hematological hazards such as anemia, leukopenia-neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia. This pilot pharmacoeconomic study aimed to estimate the total direct costs of treating hematological toxicity induced by chemotherapy and its main determinants. Methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective cost of illness study using the ''from bottom to the top'' approach from the perspective of the Republic Health Insurance Fund. This study included 88 patients treated due to developing at least one episode of one of the types of hematological complications of cytostatics in 2018 at the Oncology Clinic of the University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, the Republic of Serbia. Results: Among cancer patients who developed haematological toxicity, treating pancytopenia was most demanding in a pharmacoeconomic manner compared to neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, with an estimated value of direct costs of 264,14, 178,19 and 157,76 euros per patient per year respectively. Regarding total direct costs, the main determinants were the costs of drugs, their parenteral administration, and costs due to hospitalization. Conclusion: Due to the rising cancer incidence and obligatory hospital treatment of hematological toxicity induced by chemotherapy, the identification of the pharmacoeconomic aspects of the treatment of these complications is needed. Future research should focus on the development of new modalities of treatment regarding patient characteristics anticipating high costs. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29892 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29892/7783