Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 2 2021 02 01 350 359 Hossein NEZAMZADEH-EZHIYEH Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein MIRHENDI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Reza JAFARI Isfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arshad VEYSI Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Yavar RASSI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali OSHAGHI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein ARANDIAN Isfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid ABDOLI Isfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samad BAHRAMI Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Ali Reza ZAHRAEI RAMAZANI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza FADAEI Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Javad RAMAZANPOOR Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mehdi FARSI Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Kurosh AMINIAN Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Zahra SAEIDI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza YAGHOOBI–ERSHADI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Ahmad AKHAVAN Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 06 05 2020 08 21 Background: Leishmaniasis is an expanding neglected tropical disease in the world reporting from 98 countries including Iran. This study focused on eco-epidemiological determinants of the disease following a rapid and unexpected increase of leishmaniasis incidence in a strategic residential district in North-East of Isfahan County, Iran. Methods: This study was accomplished from Apr 2012 to Jan 2014 in a strategic residential zone in North-East of Isfahan County, Esfahan, Iran. Monthly activity, parity, Leishmania infection and susceptibility tests, were determined on sand flies. Some portion of inhabitants and school children were surveyed to find active or passive cases of leishmaniasis and also wild rodents were collected to determine reservoir host. Results: Totally 5223 sand flies belonging to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genus were collected and identified; Ph. papatasi was the dominant species and started to appear in May and disappeared in Oct. The majority of living dissected sand flies were unfed and parous. Ph. papatasi showed 4.6% Leishmania infection through direct examination and 39.54% by nested-PCR respectively. Phlebotomus papatasi was susceptible against deltametrin 0.05%. Totally 2149 people were surveyed and incidence and prevalence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis estimated as 45.39 and 314.40 per 1000 population. Rodents showed 73.91% and 80% Leishmania infection by direct examination and nested-PCR respectively. Conclusion: Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major has been established in this area. Rodent control operation and personal protection are highly recommended to control the disease in this focus. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21027 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21027/7135